Comparisons of Motivation to Receive COVID-19 Vaccination and Related Factors between Frontline Physicians and Nurses and the Public in Taiwan: Applying the Extended Protection Motivation Theory

This study aimed to compare the differences in motivation to receive a COVID-19 vaccination between frontline physicians and nurses and the Taiwanese public. The associations of threat and coping appraisals, as described in Protection Motivation Theory (PMT), with motivation to receive COVID-19 vaccination were compared between these groups, too. We recruited 279 frontline physicians and nurses and 768 members of the public by a Facebook advertisement. Participants’ motivation to receive COVID-19 vaccination, perceived severity of and vulnerability to COVID-19, self-efficacy and response efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination, response cost of COVID-19 vaccination, and knowledge about the mechanism of COVID-19 vaccination in light of PMT were determined. The results demonstrated that frontline health workers had higher motivation to receive COVID-19 vaccination than the public. Response efficacy and knowledge of COVID-19 vaccination were positively associated with motivation to receive COVID-19 vaccination in both frontline health workers and the public, whereas perceived vulnerability, perceived severity, and response cost of COVID-19 vaccination were positively associated with motivation in the public but not in frontline physicians and nurses. The factors related to motivation to receive COVID-19 vaccination should be considered when designing programs to increase motivation to receive COVID-19 vaccination among frontline health workers and the public.

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Modeling Individual Defiance of COVID-19 Pandemic Mitigation Strategies: Insights From the Expanded Model of Deterrence and Protection Motivation Theory

Criminal Justice and Behavior ◽

10.1177/00938548211010315 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 009385482110103

Author(s):

George W. Burruss ◽

Chae M. Jaynes ◽

Richard K. Moule ◽

Rachel E. Fairchild

Keyword(s):

National Sample ◽

Protection Motivation Theory ◽

Mitigation Strategies ◽

Protection Motivation ◽

Motivation Theory ◽

Protective Behaviors ◽

Perceived Severity ◽

The Public ◽

Severity Of The Disease

The governmental responses to the COVID-19 pandemic include concerns for both public health and formal social control. Government leaders asked the public to help mitigate the spread of the virus by adopting various protective behaviors. Our purpose was to evaluate and explain defiance of COVID-19 mitigation strategies, drawing from the expanded model of deterrence and protection motivation theory. A national sample of 600 American adults were surveyed about perceptions of, and behaviors during, the early part of the COVID-19 pandemic, including defiance of COVID-19 mitigation strategies. Perceived severity of the disease, certainty about dying from it, and how much control one has over getting it each predicted fear of COVID-19. Defiance of COVID-19 mitigation guidelines appear to be a combination of rational choice considerations and emotions. Government and health officials should consider how the public evaluates messages about taking protective actions to maximize compliance.

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The protection motivation theory for predict intention of COVID-19 vaccination in Iran: a structural equation modeling approach

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11134-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam ◽

Maryam Seraji ◽

Zahra Sharafi ◽

Mahdi Mohammadi ◽

Hassan Okati-Aliabad

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation Modeling ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Adult Population ◽

Protection Motivation Theory ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Protection Motivation ◽

Motivation Theory ◽

Perceived Severity ◽

Response Efficacy

Abstract Background Many efforts are being made around the world to discover the vaccine against COVID-19. After discovering the vaccine, its acceptance by individuals is a fundamental issue for disease control. This study aimed to examine COVID-19 vaccination intention determinants based on the protection motivation theory (PMT). Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in the Iranian adult population and surveyed 256 study participants from the first to the 30th of June 2020 with a web-based self-administered questionnaire. We used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to investigate the interrelationship between COVID-19 vaccination intention and perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived self-efficacy, and perceived response efficacy. Results SEM showed that perceived severity to COVID-19 (β = .17, p < .001), perceived self-efficacy about receiving the COVID-19 vaccine (β = .26, p < .001), and the perceived response efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine (β = .70, p < .001) were significant predictors of vaccination intention. PMT accounted for 61.5% of the variance in intention to COVID-19 vaccination, and perceived response efficacy was the strongest predictor of COVID-19 vaccination intention. Conclusions This study found the PMT constructs are useful in predicting COVID-19 vaccination intention. Programs designed to increase the vaccination rate after discovering the COVID-19 vaccine can include interventions on the severity of the COVID-19, the self-efficacy of individuals receiving the vaccine, and the effectiveness of the vaccine in preventing infection.

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Motivation to Have COVID-19 Vaccination Explained Using an Extended Protection Motivation Theory among University Students in China: The Role of Information Sources

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9040380 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 380

Author(s):

Peng-Wei Wang ◽

Daniel Kwasi Ahorsu ◽

Chung-Ying Lin ◽

I-Hua Chen ◽

Cheng-Fang Yen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

University Students ◽

Online Survey ◽

Information Sources ◽

Protection Motivation Theory ◽

Protection Motivation ◽

Online Information ◽

Motivation Theory ◽

Perceived Severity ◽

Response Efficacy ◽

And Coping

Background: The aims of the present study were to examine the prediction of the threat and coping appraisal utilizing an extended protection motivation theory (PMT) for the motivation to have COVID-19 vaccination and the influence of various information sources on coping appraisal among university students in China. Methods: The sample comprised 3145 students from 43 universities in China who completed an online survey including PMT constructs as well as constructs added to PMT. The PMT constructs comprised motivation to have COVID-19 vaccination, threat appraisal, and coping appraisal. The extended PMT constructs comprised knowledge about mechanisms and information sources of COVID-19 vaccination. Results: Perceived severity of COVID-19 was positively associated with motivation to have COVID-19 vaccination. Receiving information concerning COVID-19 vaccination from medical personnel was associated with greater self-efficacy, response efficacy, and knowledge, whereas receiving information concerning COVID-19 vaccination from coworkers/colleagues was associated with less response efficacy and knowledge. Receiving online information concerning COVID-19 vaccination was associated with greater response cost of vaccination efficacy and less knowledge. Conclusions: This study supported the prediction of perceived severity in the PMT for motivation to have COVID-19 vaccination among university students in China. Vaccination information sources have different effects on students’ coping appraisal of COVID-19 vaccination.

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The Protection motivation theory for predict intention of COVID-19 vaccination in Iran: A structural equation modeling approach

10.21203/rs.3.rs-239756/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam ◽

Maryam Seraji ◽

Zahra Sharafi ◽

Mahdi Mohammadi ◽

Hassan Okati-Aliabad

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation Modeling ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Adult Population ◽

Protection Motivation Theory ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Protection Motivation ◽

Motivation Theory ◽

Perceived Severity ◽

Response Efficacy

Abstract BackgroundMany efforts are being made around the world to discover the vaccine against COVID-19. After discovering the vaccine, its acceptance by individuals is a fundamental issue for disease control. This study aimed to examine COVID-19 vaccination intention determinants based on the protection motivation theory (PMT). Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in the Iranian adult population and surveyed study participants from the first to the 30th of June 2020 with a web-based self-administered questionnaire. We used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to investigate the interrelationship between COVID-19 vaccination intention and perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived self-efficacy, and perceived response efficacy. Results SEM showed that perceived severity to COVID-19 (β=.17, p < .001), perceived self-efficacy about receiving the COVID-19 vaccine (β=.26, p < .001), and the perceived response efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine (β=.70, p < .001) were significant predictors of vaccination intention. PMT accounted for 61.5% of the variance in intention to COVID-19 vaccination, and response efficacy was the strongest predictor of COVID-19 vaccination intention. ConclusionsThis study found the PMT constructs are useful in predicting COVID-19 vaccination intention. Programs designed to increase the vaccination rate after discovering the COVID-19 vaccine can include interventions on the severity of the COVID-19, the self-efficacy of individuals receiving the vaccine, and the effectiveness of the vaccine in preventing infection.

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Predictors of Staying at Home during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Social Lockdown based on Protection Motivation Theory: A Cross-sectional Study in Japan

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare8040475 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 475

Author(s):

Tsuyoshi Okuhara ◽

Hiroko Okada ◽

Takahiro Kiuchi

Keyword(s):

Self Efficacy ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Protection Motivation Theory ◽

Protection Motivation ◽

Motivation Theory ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Perceived Severity ◽

Response Efficacy ◽

Staying At Home ◽

At Home

During the COVID-19 pandemic, a social lockdown should be put in place and individuals should stay at home. Behavioral change is the only way to prevent the pandemic and overwhelmed healthcare systems until vaccines are available. We aimed to examine the psychological factors that predict staying at home during the COVID-19 pandemic and social lockdown. A total of 1980 participants in Japan completed a survey for this study from May 9 to 11, 2020, when the state of emergency covered all prefectures in the country. Self-reported behavior in terms of staying at home, the perceived severity of the pandemic, vulnerability to the pandemic, response efficacy, and self-efficacy based on protection motivation theory were assessed. Multiple regression analysis showed that perceived severity (standardized β = 0.11, p < 0.001) and self-efficacy (standardized β = 0.32, p < 0.001) significantly predicted greater levels of staying at home, after controlling for socio-demographics. However, perceived vulnerability and response efficacy did not. To encourage people to stay at home during the pandemic and social lockdown, increasing the perceived severity of infection by COVID-19 and self-efficacy in terms of exercising restraint with respect to going out may consequently encourage people to stay at home.

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Determinants of adherence to COVID-19 measures among the Belgian population: an application of the protection motivation theory

Archives of Public Health ◽

10.1186/s13690-021-00565-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 79 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Joris Adriaan Frank van Loenhout ◽

Kirsten Vanderplanken ◽

Bénédicte Scheen ◽

Stephan Van den Broucke ◽

Isabelle Aujoulat

Keyword(s):

Self Efficacy ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Protection Motivation Theory ◽

Perceived Usefulness ◽

Control Measures ◽

Infection Prevention And Control ◽

Protection Motivation ◽

Motivation Theory ◽

Response Efficacy ◽

Belgian Population

Abstract Background Since the start of the COVID-19 outbreak, the Belgian government has implemented various infection prevention and control measures. This study assessed the extent to which the general population in Belgium adhered to these measures, and which determinants were associated with adherence. Methods We undertook an internet survey among a sample of the Belgian population, representative for sex, age, socio-economic status and province. The questionnaire included various demographic, socio-economic and health-related questions, and also drew upon the Protection Motivation Theory as a theoretical framework to measure levels of perceived severity, vulnerability, perceived usefulness of the measures (response efficacy), perceived personal capacity to adhere (self-efficacy), and past and future adherence. Data were collected in Dutch and French, the main languages of Belgium. Results Our study was carried out in September 2020, and the number of respondents was 2008. On average, respondents provided high scores for each of the measures in place in September in terms of response efficacy (range of 3.54–4.32 on 1 to 5 Likert-scale), self-efficacy (range of 3.00–4.00), past adherence (4.00–4.68) and future adherence (3.99–4.61). The measure that overall received the highest scores was wearing a face mask in public spaces, while ‘the social bubble of 5’ generally received the lowest scores. There was a statistically significant relationship between response efficacy and self-efficacy on the one hand and (past and future) adherence on the other hand, in a multivariate model corrected for confounders. Vulnerability and severity did not show statistical significance. Conclusion Risk communication regarding COVID-19 should place a stronger emphasis on helping people understand why implemented measures are useful and how they can be put into practice, more than on increasing fear appeals.

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Predicting intention to receive a seasonal influenza vaccination using Protection Motivation Theory

Social Science & Medicine ◽

10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.06.002 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 233 ◽

pp. 87-92 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Mathew Ling ◽

Emily J. Kothe ◽

Barbara A. Mullan

Keyword(s):

Influenza Vaccination ◽

Seasonal Influenza ◽

Protection Motivation Theory ◽

Protection Motivation ◽

Motivation Theory ◽

Seasonal Influenza Vaccination ◽

To Receive

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Determinants of Intention to Participate in Breast Cancer Screening among Urban Chinese Women: An Application of the Protection Motivation Theory

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph182111093 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (21) ◽

pp. 11093

Author(s):

Miao Zhang ◽

Wenshuang Wei ◽

Qinmei Li ◽

Xinguang Chen ◽

Min Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Breast Cancer Screening ◽

Protection Motivation Theory ◽

Protection Motivation ◽

Motivation Theory ◽

Perceived Severity ◽

Intention To Participate ◽

Screening Intention ◽

Fit Index

Despite the significance of early detection of breast cancer through screening, the screening uptake in China remains relatively low. Protection motivation theory (PMT) suggested by Rogers is one of the theories concerning threat appeal. This study aimed to apply the protection motivation theory (PMT) in predicting breast cancer screening intention. In this cross-sectional study, a sample of Chinese urban women was recruited using the convenient sampling method from five communities in Wuhan. Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire that included demographic variables, knowledge about breast cancer, six PMT subconstructs, and screening intention. We used the structural equation modeling (SEM) to identify the predictor factors associated with screening intention. Of the total sample (n = 412), 86.65% had intention to participate in screening. Our data fit the hypothesized SEM model well (Goodness of fit index (GFI) = 0.91, adjusted GFI (AGFI) = 0.89, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.91, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.05, standardized root mean residual (SRMR) = 0.06, and Chi-square/df = 2.01). Three PMT subconstructs (perceived severity, response cost, and self-efficacy) were significantly associated with screening intention. Knowledge, social status, and medical history had significantly indirect associations with screening intention through the mediating effect of PMT subconstructs. Considering the utility of PMT, intervention programs might be more effective based on the subconstructs of PMT, especially to improve self-efficacy, perceived severity, and knowledge, reduce response cost, as well as targeting specific demographic groups.

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Predicting COVID-19 Preventive Behaviors based on Protection Motivation Theory in Hormozgan, Iran.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-82943/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Roghayeh Ezati Rad ◽

Hesamaddin Kamalzadeh Takhti ◽

Mehdi Hassani Azad ◽

Shokrollah Mohseni ◽

Teamur Aghamolaei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hypothesis Testing ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Protection Motivation Theory ◽

Maladaptive Behavior ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Protection Motivation ◽

Motivation Theory ◽

Protective Behaviors ◽

Preventive Behaviors ◽

Response Efficacy

Abstract Background: The present research aimed to predict the preventive behaviors of COVID-19 in the light of the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT).Methods: The present cross-sectional research was conducted in 2 months (March 2020-April 2020) in Hormozgan Province of Iran. The research population comprised all residents above 15 years of age. They received an online questionnaire survey in two parts, demographic information along with PMT constructs. To analyze the data, independent t-test and one-way anova test, Multiple linear regression and the statistical technique of path analysis and structural equation modeling was used. All statistical calculations and hypothesis testing were performed using spss21 and Amos21 software and a significant level of hypothesis testing was considered to be 0.05Results: A total number of 2,032 subjects participated in this research, the mean age of whom was 34.84±9.8 (R=15-98). The majority of participants were between 31 - 40 years old, female (60.4%), married (72%), urban residents (87.3%), holding a Bachelor’s degree or higher (58.8%) and employed (58.8%). Statistically significant positive correlation coefficients were estimated between preventive behaviors of COVID-19 and perceived vulnerability (r=0.192, p<0.001), perceived severity (r=0.092, p<0.001), response efficacy (r=0.398, p<0.001) ,self efficacy (r=0.497, p<0.001) and protection motivation (r=0.595, p<0.001). Statistically significant negative correlations were found between behavior and maladaptive behavior rewards (r=-0.243, p<0.001) and perceived costs (r=-0.121, p<0.001).Conclusions: The present findings showed that maladaptive behavior reward and fear predicted protective behaviors negatively; response efficacy and self-efficacy predicted protective behaviors positively. The effect of self-efficacy was the strongest among all. The information provided in this research can contribute to policy-making in the country.

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