scholarly journals Rise and Fall of the Grand Canal in the Ancient Kaifeng City of China: Role of the Grand Canal and Water Supply in Urban and Regional Development

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 1932
Author(s):  
Wenji Huang ◽  
Mingwang Xi ◽  
Shibao Lu ◽  
Farhad Taghizadeh-Hesary
Keyword(s):  
Song Dynasty ◽  
The Political ◽  
The South ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Grand Canal ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Song Dynasty ◽  
Political Center ◽  
Northern Song ◽  
The Grand Canal

In the long history of the feudal society of China, Kaifeng played a vital role. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Kaifeng became a worldwide metropolis. The important reason was that the Grand Canal, which was excavated during the Sui Dynasty, became the main transportation artery for the political and military center of the north and the economic center of the south. Furthermore, Kaifeng was located at the center of the Grand Canal, which made it the capital of the later Northern Song Dynasty. The Northern Song Dynasty was called “the canal-centered era.” The development of the canal caused a series of major changes in the society of the Northern Song Dynasty that were different from the previous ones, which directly led to the transportation revolution, and in turn, promoted the commercial revolution and the urbanization of Kaifeng. The development of commerce contributed to the agricultural and money revolutions. After the Northern Song Dynasty, the political center moved to the south. During the Yuan Dynasty, the excavation of the Grand Canal made it so that water transport did not have to pass through the Central Plains. The relocation of the political center and the change in the canal route made Kaifeng lose the value of connecting the north and south, resulting in the long-time fall of the Bianhe River. Kaifeng, which had prospered for more than 100 years, declined gradually, and by the end of the Qing Dynasty, it became a common town in the Central Plains. In ancient China, the rise and fall of cities and regions were closely related to the canal, and the relationship between Kaifeng and the Grand Canal was typical. The history may provide some inspiration for the increasingly severe urban and regional sustainable development issues in contemporary times.

On the Water Environment of Kaifeng City of the Northern Song Dynasty

2013 ◽  
Vol 790 ◽  
pp. 437-440
Author(s):  
He Qun Li ◽  
Zhi Yi Song
Keyword(s):  
Song Dynasty ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
The Public ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Song Dynasty ◽  
Northern Song ◽  
North Water ◽  
Kaifeng City ◽  
Bodies Of Water ◽  
The City

In the Northern Song Dynasty Dongjing city of Kaifeng, there were many rivers, ponds and other bodies of water, which had a certain relationship one another and relative independence. These waters had important influence on the layout of the city, urban economy, the public life and environment. Under its influence, now Kaifeng city has still many lakes, called "the North Water City"

scholarly journals The collapse of the North Song dynasty and the AD 1048–1128 Yellow River floods: Geoarchaeological evidence from northern Henan Province, China

The Holocene ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1759-1770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J Storozum ◽  
Qin Zhen ◽  
Ren Xiaolin ◽  
Li Haiming ◽  
Cui Yifu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Song Dynasty ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Henan Province ◽  
River Flooding ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Song Dynasty ◽  
Northern Song ◽  
River Floods

From AD 1048 to 1128, Yellow River flooding killed over a million people, left many more homeless and destitute, and turned parts of the once fertile North China Plain into a silted-up agricultural wasteland. Brought on in part by climate change and the Northern Song dynasty’s (AD 960–1127) mismanagement of the environment, the Yellow River floods likely hastened the collapse of the Northern Song dynasty. Despite the magnitude of this flood event, no sedimentary deposits have yet been linked to these historically recorded floods. In this research paper, we provide archaeological, sedimentary, and radiocarbon evidence of the AD 1048–1128 Yellow River floods at the Dazhanglongcun, Xidacheng, and Daguxiancun sites in Neihuang County, Henan Province. Based on our data, we argue that the AD 1048–1128 Yellow River floods deposited over 5 m of alluvium on villages in the North China Plain, radically changing both the physical and political landscape of Northern Song dynasty China.

Interpretation of Li Gonglin Ecological View of Landscape Painting Based on Chinese Soil Smoke Culture

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 3344-3351
Author(s):  
Xinquan Ma ◽  
Xiaofang Yao ◽  
Kwon Hwan
Keyword(s):  
Art History ◽  
Song Dynasty ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Chinese Art ◽  
Landscape Painting ◽  
Environmental Aesthetics ◽  
Northern Song Dynasty ◽  
Modern Cities ◽  
Northern Song ◽  
The Aesthetic

Objectives: Cigarettes are not goods that have existed in China since ancient times, but consumer goods that were introduced into China by western countries and accepted and developed by Chinese people in modern times. The application of Chinese soil smoke culture in Li gonglin’s landscape painting is studied in this paper. Methods: From the perspective of art history, landscape painters in the Northern Song Dynasty, as a prosperous period of Chinese art history landscape painting, thought deeply about painting from the artistic form of nature, and integrated their own view of environment into their creation, forming many landscape aesthetic paradigms. Results: This paper focuses on the interactive dialogue between the literati and the environment with the involvement of how space planning and governance are allocated. It is aimed at the global perspective in the Anthropocene and a local position in the Northern Song Dynasty. Localization is not only the exploration of the ecological approaches of China and the West in space, but also the integration of the past and the present, observing its ecological image from the perception and practice of traditional environmental aesthetics to the harmonious coexistence of modern cities and nature. Conclusion: Local tobacco is not a traditional local consumer product. Under the public’s praise, it has gradually formed a unique thing in China - cigarette culture. People in the society are not only the observers of the environment, but also the participants of the environment. Through the aesthetic configuration of the classification of environmental belonging space and the transformation of the image and vision into such realistic or ideal landscapes as “Longmian Villa”, it goes towards ecological holism. Therefore, from the perspective of environmental aesthetics research, Li Gonglin’s paintings have research value.

I Kings

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mordechai Cogan
Keyword(s):  
Political History ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biblical Scholar ◽  
1 Kings

Beginning with the death of David and the rise of Solomon, 1 Kings charts the history of Israel through the divided monarchy, when Ahab reigned in the north and Jehoshaphat reigned in the south. This new translation, with introduction and commentary by biblical scholar Mordechai Cogan, is part of the Anchor Bible Commentary series, viewed by many as the definitive commentaries for use in both Christian and Jewish scholarship and worship. Cogan's translation brings new immediacy to well-known passages, such as Solomon's famously wise judgment when asked by two prostitutes to decide their dispute regarding motherhood of a child: "Cut the live son in two! And give half to one and half to the other." With a bibliography that runs to almost a thousand articles and books, Cogan's commentary demonstrates his mastery of the political history described by 1 Kings, as well as the themes of moral and religious failure that eventually led to Israel's defeat and exile.

Ritual under Change: Mongolian Influences on Horse Races and Mountain Divinity Worship in Tibet

Inner Asia ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-373
Author(s):  
Elke Studer
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Central Government ◽  
The Political ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Horse Race ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of

AbstractThe article outlines the Mongolian influences on the biggest horse race festival in Nagchu prefecture in the Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR).Since old times these horse races have been closely linked to the worship of the local mountain deity by the patrilineal nomadic clans of the South-Eastern Changthang, the North Tibetan plain. In the seventeenth century the West Mongol chieftain Güüshi Khan shaped the history of Tibet. To support his political claims, he enlarged the horse race festival's size and scale, and had his troops compete in the different horse race and archery competitions in Nagchu. Since then, the winners of the big race are celebrated side by side with the political achievements and claims of the central government in power.

A Systematic Approach to the Reconstruction of Ancient Chinese Escapement Regulators

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Sen Yan ◽  
Tsung-Yi Lin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanism Design ◽  
Song Dynasty ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Variation Theory ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Northern Song Dynasty ◽  
Mechanical Evolution ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Northern Song ◽  
The Ancient Chinese

It is generally believed that the first escapement regulator invented is the waterwheel steelyard-clepsydra device made in ancient China by Su Song during the Northern Song Dynasty (960~1,127 AD). The device, which was a unique feature of the ancient Chinese escapement regulators, was used in Su’s famous clock tower, Shui Yun Yi Xiang Tai (Water-Powered Armillary Sphere and Celestial Globe). Evidence found in certain historical literature, however, suggests that the astronomical clocks made before the Northern Song Dynasty were also equipped with escapement regulators. But due to insufficient literature on the specific design of the devices and the fact that none of the earlier escapement regulators have been recovered, it has been very difficult to recreate the original mechanism design. Therefore, in view of this problem, we wish to present a reconstruction design procedure for the ancient machinery in this paper. By combining the innovative mechanism design methodology with the mechanical evolution and variation theory, we can systematically recreate all feasible and appropriate designs that are consistent with the science theories and techniques of the subject time period. In this paper, the waterwheel steelyard-clepsydra device made by Su Song was adopted as the original design for the reconstruction of ancient Chinese escapement regulators. Utilizing the procedure proposed in this paper, the reconstruction designs we recreated included 12 six-bar and eight-joint waterwheel steelyard-clepsydra devices, among which 10 were with four-bar linkages and 2 were with rope-and-pulley mechanisms. These results can be further used in the study of ancient Chinese mechanical clocks, especially in reconstruction research.

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