Mengovirus as Process Control Virus in the Monitoring of Genomic RNA and Infectivity of Enteric Viruses in Water Matrices

The present study, developed in the scope of a survey to monitor enteric viruses in natural surface water and drinking water sources, addressed the suitability of mengovirus to assess viral recovery rates at two steps of the water sampling process. In a pilot campaign comprising two samples from each type of water source, when mengovirus was added after the filtration/primary concentration step, the recovery rates of viral RNA were higher than 18% and identical for both water matrices. In a one-year sampling campaign, where mengovirus was present along the whole sample processing (addition in the filtration/primary concentration step), significantly different recovery rates were observed between water matrices: usually higher than 1% in drinking water and under 1% in surface water. The results suggest the first stage of the water sampling process and the type of water matrix are the most influential factors for viral RNA recovery. This study also addressed and evidenced mengovirus replication and titration in Vero E6 cultures and showed infectious mengovirus to be recovered from samples of both types of water matrix. These results anticipate a more comprehensive applicability of mengovirus as a process control virus in the monitoring of viruses in water, extended to viral infectivity.

Download Full-text

Pharmaceuticals in source waters of 95 First Nations in Canada

Can J Public Health ◽

10.17269/s41997-021-00499-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 112 (S1) ◽

pp. 133-153

Author(s):

Harold Schwartz ◽

Lesya Marushka ◽

Hing Man Chan ◽

Malek Batal ◽

Tonio Sadik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Surface Water ◽

Health Risk ◽

First Nations ◽

Human Health ◽

Health Risks ◽

Water Samples ◽

Human Health Risk ◽

Water Sampling ◽

Human Health Risks

Abstract Objectives Pharmaceuticals are emerging contaminants in the environment. Little has been published about the presence of pharmaceuticals in waterbodies nearby or on reserve land of First Nations in Canada. The objectives of this study were to (1) quantify the level of pharmaceuticals in First Nations’ surface waters, (2) calculate the human health risks of the mixtures found, and (3) measure the exposure to pharmaceuticals in First Nations’ drinking water where source water was highly contaminated. Methods This participatory study measured the levels of 43 pharmaceuticals from surface water samples taken at three water sampling sites chosen by the 95 participating First Nations. The sites were in proximity to recreational areas, fishing areas, drinking water sources, and/or wastewater outflows. When elevated levels of pharmaceutical mixtures were found in samples, drinking water samples were obtained and analyzed for potential pharmaceuticals. Human health risks were calculated by an established protocol. Results In total, 432 samples were collected at 302 water sampling sites (285 surface water, 11 drinking water, and 6 wastewater sites). Quantifiable levels of 35 pharmaceuticals were found in 79 of the 95 (83%) participating First Nations at 193 of the 285 surface water sites (68%). Overall, the levels found were comparable to or lower than those found in other studies in Canada and worldwide. Conclusion In almost all participating First Nations, there is no human health risk from consuming surface water for drinking. However, surface water in the vicinity of major urban centres should not be used as secondary untreated water sources due to the elevated human health risk associated with exposure to the mixtures of multiple pharmaceuticals detected.

Download Full-text

Monitoring Waterborne Pathogens in Surface and Drinking Waters. Are Water Treatment Plants (WTPs) Simultaneously Efficient in the Elimination of Enteric Viruses and Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB)?

Water ◽

10.3390/w12102824 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 2824

Author(s):

Daniel Salvador ◽

Maria Filomena Caeiro ◽

Fátima Serejo ◽

Paulo Nogueira ◽

Rui Neves Carneiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Treatment ◽

Surface Water ◽

Hepatitis A Virus ◽

Fecal Indicator Bacteria ◽

Enteric Viruses ◽

Viral Rna ◽

Indicator Bacteria ◽

Fecal Indicator ◽

Water Treatment Plants

Monitoring the quality of water is a requisite to prevent outbreaks related to waterborne diseases, predominantly caused by pathogens like enteric viruses, usually transmitted via the fecal-oral route. This study aimed to survey a group of enteric viruses (Enterovirus, Norovirus genogroups I and II, and hepatitis A virus) in two surface water sources of drinking water, also intending to evaluate the extent of their elimination in the two water treatment plants (WTPs) involved in drinking water production. Correlations between these viruses and fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) were also evaluated. Positive samples for viral RNA were recurrently found by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and quantified, in genomic copies per liter (gc/L) of sampled water. Viral RNAs were detected in 14 out of 27 samples of surface water, and 21 out of 36 samples of drinking water, NoV II having been the most frequently detected in both (0–78.6 gc/L and 0–12.5 gc/L, respectively). Both WTPs showed variable efficacies in the elimination of viral RNA. Only one correlation was found with FIB, between NoV II and intestinal enterococci. These results recommend the monitoring of enteric viruses over time and their inclusion in the mandatory analysis of water quality.

Download Full-text

Comparison of three methods to concentrate Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts from surface and drinking waters

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2010.311 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 196-201 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Helmi Karim ◽

Skraber Sylvain ◽

Leblanc Laurence ◽

Hoffmann Lucien ◽

Cauchie Henry-Michel

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Surface Water ◽

Water Type ◽

Standard Protocol ◽

Recovery Rates ◽

Drinking Waters ◽

Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽

Giardia Cysts

In this study, three methods commercialized by Pall (Envirochek HV), Idexx (FiltaMax) and Whatman (Cryptest) to concentrate Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts from surface and drinking waters were compared according to the EPA standard protocol. Twenty litres of surface and 100 litres of drinking waters were inoculated with 103 (oo)cysts before being concentrated by filtration. Our results show that recovery rates of Giardia cysts from surface water was significantly higher using FiltaMax (91 ± 12%) than Cryptest (57 ± 9%) or Envirochek HV (60 ± 4%) while recovery from drinking water was equivalent using FiltaMax (84 ± 7%) or Cryptest (78 ± 7%) but lower using Envirochek HV (34 ± 29%). Recovery of Cryptosporidium oocysts from surface water was significantly higher using Envirochek HV (65 ± 5%) than using FiltaMax (45 ± 7%) or Cryptest (50 ± 7%) while recovery rates from drinking water was equivalent using either FiltaMax (48 ± 8%), Cryptest (57 ± 4%) or Envirochek HV (64 ± 22%). Finally, regardless of the water type, all methods tested allowed recovery rates superior to 24% complying with the EPA standard protocol. Timing, material and practicability associated with each method are discussed.

Download Full-text

Nanofiltration of colored surface water: Quebec's experience

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2003.0145 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 3 (5-6) ◽

pp. 15-22

Author(s):

P. Kouadio ◽

M. Tétrault

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Surface Water ◽

Membrane Fouling ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Quebec City ◽

Water Regulation ◽

Eastern Canada

Three colored surface water nanofiltration pilot-scale projects were conducted in the province of Quebec (eastern Canada), between November 2000 and March 2002, by the company H2O Innovation (2000) inc., for the municipalities of Lac Bouchette, Latulipe-et-Gaboury and Charlesbourg (now part of Quebec City). Results indicated that nanofiltration permeate quality has an advance on present drinking water regulation standard in Quebec, but important membrane fouling occurred. Fouling can be controlled by pretreatment and optimization of the operating conditions.

Download Full-text

Occurrence of 1,4-dioxane and MTBE in drinking water sources in Japan

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2006.049 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 47-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

D. Simazaki ◽

M. Asami ◽

T. Nishimura ◽

S. Kunikane ◽

T. Aizawa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Surface Water ◽

Water Samples ◽

Quality Standards ◽

Raw Water ◽

Water Quality Standards ◽

Butyl Ether ◽

Water Treatment Plants ◽

Standard Value ◽

Surface Water Samples

Nationwide surveys of 1,4-dioxane and methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE) levels in raw water used for the drinking water supply were conducted at 91 water treatment plants in Japan in 2001 and 2002, prior to the revision of the drinking water quality standards. 1,4-dioxane was widely and continuously detected in raw water samples and its occurrence was more frequent and its concentrations higher in groundwater than in surface water. However, its maximum concentration in raw water was much lower than its new standard value (50 μg/L), which was determined as a level of 10−5 excessive cancer risk to humans. Trace levels of MTBE were also detected in several surface water samples.

Download Full-text

Barcelona's water supply improvement: the brine collector of the Llobregat river

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1994.0531 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 30 (10) ◽

pp. 221-227 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jordi Martín-Alonso

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Surface Water ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Water Treatment Plant ◽

Salt Mine ◽

Water Production ◽

Public Work ◽

Drinking Water Production ◽

Llobregat River

The Llobregat is a 156 km long river, which supplies 35% of the Barcelona's drinking water needs from the Sant Joan Despí Water Treatment Plant. Since the establishment of the Salt Mine Works in the Llobregat basin in 1923, a progressive salinization of the water sources has been recorded. The operation of the Brine Collector, as a public work carried out by Aigües de Barcelona (AGBAR), started in 1989; it enabled a very significant improvement in the quality of the surface water used for drinking-water production.

Download Full-text

INDICATIONS OF SURFACE WATER CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER IN THE SAGARMATHA NATIONAL PARK, NEPAL

10.1130/abs/2017am-307846 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Klaus Neumann ◽

◽

Kirsten N. Nicholson ◽

Carolyn B. Dowling ◽

Leah Wood ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Surface Water ◽

National Park ◽

Water Contamination ◽

Surface Water Contamination ◽

Sagarmatha National Park

Download Full-text

Drinking-water Quality Risk Assessment Based on Parameters with Organoleptic (Taste and Odor) Effects Observed in Water from Surface Water Intake and Infiltration Water Intake Facilities

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/670/1/012046 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 670 (1) ◽

pp. 012046

Author(s):

A V Yalaletdinova ◽

E A Kantor ◽

Yu O Galimova

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Risk Assessment ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Surface Water ◽

Water Intake ◽

Drinking Water Quality ◽

Taste And Odor ◽

Quality Risk

Download Full-text

Bacterial diversity and predicted enzymatic function in a multipurpose surface water system – from wastewater effluent discharges to drinking water production

Environmental Microbiome ◽

10.1186/s40793-021-00379-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ananda Tiwari ◽

Anna-Maria Hokajärvi ◽

Jorge Santo Domingo ◽

Michael Elk ◽

Balamuralikrishna Jayaprakash ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Surface Water ◽

Bacterial Community ◽

Human Health ◽

Bacterial Diversity ◽

Water Samples ◽

Bacterial Communities ◽

Treatment Process ◽

Pollution Sources ◽

Production Well

Abstract Background Rivers and lakes are used for multiple purposes such as for drinking water (DW) production, recreation, and as recipients of wastewater from various sources. The deterioration of surface water quality with wastewater is well-known, but less is known about the bacterial community dynamics in the affected surface waters. Understanding the bacterial community characteristics —from the source of contamination, through the watershed to the DW production process—may help safeguard human health and the environment. Results The spatial and seasonal dynamics of bacterial communities, their predicted functions, and potential health-related bacterial (PHRB) reads within the Kokemäenjoki River watershed in southwest Finland were analyzed with the 16S rRNA-gene amplicon sequencing method. Water samples were collected from various sampling points of the watershed, from its major pollution sources (sewage influent and effluent, industrial effluent, mine runoff) and different stages of the DW treatment process (pre-treatment, groundwater observation well, DW production well) by using the river water as raw water with an artificial groundwater recharge (AGR). The beta-diversity analysis revealed that bacterial communities were highly varied among sample groups (R = 0.92, p < 0.001, ANOSIM). The species richness and evenness indices were highest in surface water (Chao1; 920 ± 10) among sample groups and gradually decreased during the DW treatment process (DW production well; Chao1: 320 ± 20). Although the phylum Proteobacteria was omnipresent, its relative abundance was higher in sewage and industrial effluents (66–80%) than in surface water (55%). Phyla Firmicutes and Fusobacteria were only detected in sewage samples. Actinobacteria was more abundant in the surface water (≥13%) than in other groups (≤3%). Acidobacteria was more abundant in the DW treatment process (≥13%) than in others (≤2%). In total, the share of PHRB reads was higher in sewage and surface water than in the DW treatment samples. The seasonal effect in bacterial communities was observed only on surface water samples, with the lowest diversity during summer. Conclusions The low bacterial diversity and absence of PHRB read in the DW samples indicate AGR can produce biologically stable and microbiologically safe drinking water. Furthermore, the significantly different bacterial communities at the pollution sources compared to surface water and DW samples highlight the importance of effective wastewater treatment for protecting the environment and human health.

Download Full-text