Faculty Opinions recommendation of Molecular mechanism of hypoxia-induced chondrogenesis and its application in in vivo cartilage tissue engineering.

Cartilage injuries may be caused by trauma, biomechanical imbalance, or degenerative changes of joint. Unfortunately, cartilage has limited capability to spontaneous repair once damaged and may lead to progressive damage and degeneration. Cartilage tissue-engineering techniques have emerged as the potential clinical strategies. An ideal tissue-engineering approach to cartilage repair should offer good integration into both the host cartilage and the subchondral bone. Cells, scaffolds, and growth factors make up the tissue engineering triad. One of the major challenges for cartilage tissue engineering is cell source and cell numbers. Due to the limitations of proliferation for mature chondrocytes, current studies have alternated to use stem cells as a potential source. In the recent years, a lot of novel biomaterials has been continuously developed and investigated in various in vitro and in vivo studies for cartilage tissue engineering. Moreover, stimulatory factors such as bioactive molecules have been explored to induce or enhance cartilage formation. Growth factors and other additives could be added into culture media in vitro, transferred into cells, or incorporated into scaffolds for in vivo delivery to promote cellular differentiation and tissue regeneration.Based on the current development of cartilage tissue engineering, there exist challenges to overcome. How to manipulate the interactions between cells, scaffold, and signals to achieve the moderation of implanted composite differentiate into moderate stem cells to differentiate into hyaline cartilage to perform the optimum physiological and biomechanical functions without negative side effects remains the target to pursue.

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Advanced Hydrogels for Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Recent Progress and Future Directions

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13234199 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (23) ◽

pp. 4199

Author(s):

Mahshid Hafezi ◽

Saied Nouri Khorasani ◽

Mohadeseh Zare ◽

Rasoul Esmaeely Neisiany ◽

Pooya Davoodi

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Cartilage Tissue Engineering ◽

Cartilage Regeneration ◽

Biomechanical Properties ◽

Tissue Growth ◽

Cartilage Tissue ◽

Self Healing ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Wide Range

Cartilage is a tension- and load-bearing tissue and has a limited capacity for intrinsic self-healing. While microfracture and arthroplasty are the conventional methods for cartilage repair, these methods are unable to completely heal the damaged tissue. The need to overcome the restrictions of these therapies for cartilage regeneration has expanded the field of cartilage tissue engineering (CTE), in which novel engineering and biological approaches are introduced to accelerate the development of new biomimetic cartilage to replace the injured tissue. Until now, a wide range of hydrogels and cell sources have been employed for CTE to either recapitulate microenvironmental cues during a new tissue growth or to compel the recovery of cartilaginous structures via manipulating biochemical and biomechanical properties of the original tissue. Towards modifying current cartilage treatments, advanced hydrogels have been designed and synthesized in recent years to improve network crosslinking and self-recovery of implanted scaffolds after damage in vivo. This review focused on the recent advances in CTE, especially self-healing hydrogels. The article firstly presents the cartilage tissue, its defects, and treatments. Subsequently, introduces CTE and summarizes the polymeric hydrogels and their advances. Furthermore, characterizations, the advantages, and disadvantages of advanced hydrogels such as multi-materials, IPNs, nanomaterials, and supramolecular are discussed. Afterward, the self-healing hydrogels in CTE, mechanisms, and the physical and chemical methods for the synthesis of such hydrogels for improving the reformation of CTE are introduced. The article then briefly describes the fabrication methods in CTE. Finally, this review presents a conclusion of prevalent challenges and future outlooks for self-healing hydrogels in CTE applications.

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An overview of advanced biocompatible and biomimetic materials for creation of replacement structures in the musculoskeletal systems: focusing on cartilage tissue engineering

Journal of Biological Engineering ◽

10.1186/s13036-019-0209-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Azizeh Rahmani Del Bakhshayesh ◽

Nahideh Asadi ◽

Alireza Alihemmati ◽

Hamid Tayefi Nasrabadi ◽

Azadeh Montaseri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Cartilage Tissue Engineering ◽

Interdisciplinary Approach ◽

Culture Conditions ◽

Vital Role ◽

Cartilage Tissue ◽

Biomimetic Materials ◽

Musculoskeletal Tissue ◽

And Function

Abstract Tissue engineering, as an interdisciplinary approach, is seeking to create tissues with optimal performance for clinical applications. Various factors, including cells, biomaterials, cell or tissue culture conditions and signaling molecules such as growth factors, play a vital role in the engineering of tissues. In vivo microenvironment of cells imposes complex and specific stimuli on the cells, and has a direct effect on cellular behavior, including proliferation, differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) assembly. Therefore, to create appropriate tissues, the conditions of the natural environment around the cells should be well imitated. Therefore, researchers are trying to develop biomimetic scaffolds that can produce appropriate cellular responses. To achieve this, we need to know enough about biomimetic materials. Scaffolds made of biomaterials in musculoskeletal tissue engineering should also be multifunctional in order to be able to function better in mechanical properties, cell signaling and cell adhesion. Multiple combinations of different biomaterials are used to improve above-mentioned properties of various biomaterials and to better imitate the natural features of musculoskeletal tissue in the culture medium. These improvements ultimately lead to the creation of replacement structures in the musculoskeletal system, which are closer to natural tissues in terms of appearance and function. The present review article is focused on biocompatible and biomimetic materials, which are used in musculoskeletal tissue engineering, in particular, cartilage tissue engineering.

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In vivo cartilage tissue engineering

Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research ◽

10.1186/s13018-018-0823-0 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

B. Gurer ◽

S. Cabuk ◽

O. Karakus ◽

N. Yilmaz ◽

C. Yilmaz

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Cartilage Tissue Engineering ◽

Cartilage Tissue

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Mechano-Active Cartilage Tissue Engineering

Advances in Science and Technology ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.49.189 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 49 ◽

pp. 189-196

Author(s):

Soo Hyun Kim ◽

Young Mee Jung ◽

Sang Heon Kim ◽

Young Ha Kim ◽

Jun Xie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Dynamic Compression ◽

Cartilage Tissue Engineering ◽

Compressive Deformation ◽

Cartilage Tissue ◽

Cartilaginous Tissue ◽

Pressing Method ◽

Safranin O

To engineer cartilaginous constructs with a mechano-active scaffold and dynamic compression was performed for effective cartilage tissue engineering. Mechano-active scaffolds were fabricated from very elastic poly(L-lactide-co-ε-carprolactone)(5:5). The scaffolds with 85 % porosity and 300~500 μm pore size were prepared by a gel-pressing method. The scaffolds were seeded with chondrocytes and the continuous compressive deformation of 5% strain was applied to cell-polymer constructs with 0.1Hz to evaluate for the effect of dynamic compression for regeneration of cartilage. Also, the chondrocytes-seeded constructs stimulated by the continuous compressive deformation of 5% strain with 0.1Hz for 10 days and 24 days respectively were implanted in nude mice subcutaneously to investigate their biocompatibility and cartilage formation. From biochemical analyses, chondrogenic differentiation was sustained and enhanced significantly and chondrial extracellular matrix was increased through mechanical stimulation. Histological analysis showed that implants stimulated mechanically formed mature and well-developed cartilaginous tissue, as evidenced by chondrocytes within lacunae. Masson’s trichrome and Safranin O staining indicated an abundant accumulation of collagens and GAGs. Also, ECM in constructs was strongly immuno-stained with anti-rabbit collagen type II antibody. Consequently, the periodic application of dynamic compression can improve the quality of cartilaginous tissue formed in vitro and in vivo.

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