scholarly journals Examining the rare-earth elements (REE) supply– demand balance for future global wind power scenarios

2018 ◽  
pp. 87-90
Author(s):  
Per Kalvig ◽  
Erika Machacek
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Value Chains

Rare-earth elements (REE) are considered Critical Raw Materials (CRM; EC 2018; US Department of the Interior 2018) and essential in the technological transformation of the energy sector into carbon-free technologies such as wind turbines, electrified transport and LED-lights. The new technologies have led to swiftly expanding markets for REE products, in which China has achieved a monopolistic role in all segments of the REE value chains. Political strategies aimed to establish REE supplies outside China are currently being implemented within the EU and in other Western countries in order to ensure an adequate future REE supply. However, new REE value chains outside China have not yet materialised. The aim of this paper is to assess whether the global REE supply from present and potential mines can keep pace with the REE demand for the expanding offshore wind energy sector (Fig. 1). A successful development of this sector outside China relies on an adequate supply of particularly neodymium (Nd) and to some extent praseodymium (Pr), terbium (Tb) and dysprosium (Dy), used in permanent magnets for windmill generators. In 2015, about 82% of the global Nd-oxide production was used in the permanent magnets production (Adamas 2016). Here we evaluate the future supply and demand situations for Nd, Pr, Tb and Dy in the global wind energy sector in the form of three scenarios, one for 2020 and two for 2030 based on high and low demand. The balance is discussed. Our assessment reflects the challenge caused by limited insight into the REE supply chains inside China, and the figures presented in this paper are therefore only indicative.

scholarly journals Rare Earth Elements Recycling Potential Estimate Based on End-of-Life NdFeB Permanent Magnets from Mobile Phones and Hard Disk Drives in Brazil

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1190
Author(s):  
Daniel Dotto München ◽  
Ronei Tiago Stein ◽  
Hugo Marcelo Veit
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Hard Disk Drives ◽  
Disk Drives ◽  
Potential Estimate ◽  
Recycling Potential

Besides neodymium, the chemical composition of Neodymium–Iron–Boron (NdFeB) permanent magnets possibly contains other rare earth elements (REEs) such as praseodymium, dysprosium, and terbium. Among its applications, NdFeB magnets are essential for Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) in computers for data storage, in Mobile Phones (MPs), and in acoustic transducers. Because REEs were classified as critical raw materials by the European Union and the USA, the recycling of them has become an important strategy to diminish supply risk. Therefore, in this publication, the authors have uncovered the recycling potential estimate (RPE) of these four REEs from both end-of-life (EoL) secondary sources. The results were based on the time-step method, using in-use stock and sales data from Brazil over the last decade (2010–2019). Moreover, the NdFeB magnets were characterized by content and weight to a more accurate RPE. The EoL generation over the decade studied showed different scenarios for MPs and HDDs, mainly due to lifespan, social behavior regarding storage and usage, and resources. Under those circumstances, the RPE revealed 211.30 t of REEs that could return as raw materials in the last decade, of which approximately 80% is neodymium. Unfortunately, recycling rates are still too low, even more so in Brazil, which is problematic for the future REE supply chain and electronic waste figures.

A DETERMINATION OF THE SHEAR FORCE OF THIN HIGH-COERCIVITY PERMANENT MAGNETS MADE FROM THE ALLOY WITH RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 24-30
Author(s):  
A. Ya. Krasilʼnikov ◽  
A. A. Krasilʼnikov
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Magnetic Flux ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Standard Method ◽  
Shear Force ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
High Coercivity ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Magnetic Couplings

The article considers the possibility of using a standard method for calculating the shear force of thin, high-coercivity neodymium–iron–boron type permanent magnets in magnetic clutches (couplings). The research results allowed to introduce a correction coefficients in the method of calculating the transmitting torque in magnetic clutches (couplings) with thin magnets. The possibility of 08H22N6T brand steel using for magnetic flux conductors manufacturing in a magnetic couplings.

Sorption of Uranium and Rare-Earth Elements to Remove Radioactive Impurities in the Processing of Phosphate-containing Raw Materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-483
Author(s):  
D. A. Elatontsev ◽  
A. P. Mukhachev ◽  
Yu. F. Korovin ◽  
N. D. Voloshin
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Raw Materials

scholarly journals A SWOT Analysis for Offshore Wind Energy Assessment Using Remote-Sensing Potential

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 6398
Author(s):  
Meysam Majidi Nezhad ◽  
Riyaaz Uddien Shaik ◽  
Azim Heydari ◽  
Armin Razmjoo ◽  
Niyazi Arslan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy

The elaboration of a methodology for accurately assessing the potentialities of blue renewable energy sources is a key challenge among the current energy sustainability strategies all over the world. Consequentially, many researchers are currently working to improve the accuracy of marine renewable assessment methods. Nowadays, remote sensing (RSs) satellites are used to observe the environment in many fields and applications. These could also be used to identify regions of interest for future energy converter installations and to accurately identify areas with interesting potentials. Therefore, researchers can dramatically reduce the possibility of significant error. In this paper, a comprehensive SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis is elaborated to assess RS satellite potentialities for offshore wind (OW) estimation. Sicily and Sardinia—the two biggest Italian islands with the highest potential for offshore wind energy generation—were selected as pilot areas. Since there is a lack of measuring instruments, such as cup anemometers and buoys in these areas (mainly due to their high economic costs), an accurate analysis was carried out to assess the marine energy potential from offshore wind. Since there are only limited options for further expanding the measurement over large areas, the use of satellites makes it easier to overcome this limitation. Undoubtedly, with the advent of new technologies for measuring renewable energy sources (RESs), there could be a significant energy transition in this area that requires a proper orientation of plans to examine the factors influencing these new technologies that can negatively affect most of the available potential. Satellite technology for identifying suitable areas of wind power plants could be a powerful tool that is constantly increasing in its applications but requires good planning to apply it in various projects. Proper planning is only possible with a better understanding of satellite capabilities and different methods for measuring available wind resources. To this end, a better understanding in interdisciplinary fields with the exchange of updated information between different sectors of development, such as universities and companies, will be most effective. In this context, by reviewing the available satellite technologies, the ability of this tool to measure the marine renewable energies (MREs) sector in large and small areas is considered. Secondly, an attempt is made to identify the strengths and weaknesses of using these types of tools and techniques that can help in various projects. Lastly, specific scenarios related to the application of such systems in existing and new developments are reviewed and discussed.

scholarly journals Prospects and possibilities of using ash and slag wastes of power enterprises of Primorsky Krai as technogenic mineral raw materials

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 03024
Author(s):  
Sergei Ivannikov ◽  
Evgeniy Shamrai ◽  
Andrey Taskin ◽  
Aleksandr Yudakov
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Noble Metals ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Magnetic Fraction ◽  
Primorsky Krai ◽  
Mineral Raw Materials ◽  
Separate Mineral

The results of an investigation of ash and slag wastes (ASW) of enterprises of the energy sector of Primorsky Krai are presented. The averaged contents of the main elements and mineral complexes in Primorsky Krai are given. It is shown that the mineral composition of the ASW data makes it possible to separate the primary raw materials into fractions with different compositions. A scheme is proposed for dividing the initial ash extractors into separate mineral fractions by the particle size and by their physical properties. The predominant concentration of gold, platinum, rare earth elements (REE) and a number of other valuable components in the heavy non-magnetic fraction isolated from the primary ASW was detected. Almost complete absence of gold, noble metals and REE in underburning of coal, magnetic and micro-dispersed fractions of ASW has been demonstrated. A device was offered for complex processing of ash and slag wastes of enterprises of the power industry of Primorsky Krai, which makes it possible to divide the initial ASW into mineral fractions, being raw materials for various industries.

scholarly journals Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Phospho-Gypsum: Concentrate Digestion, Leaching, and Purification

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Brückner ◽  
Tobias Elwert ◽  
Thomas Schirmer
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Leach Solution ◽  
Ammonium Bicarbonate ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
Mineralogical Characterization ◽  
Process Route ◽  
Cooperative Project ◽  
The Rare Earth

Rare earth-bearing gypsum tailings from the fertilizer industry are a potential source for an economically viable and sustainable production of rare earth elements. Large quantities are generated inter alia in Catalão, Brazil, as a by-product in a fertilizer production plant. Hitherto, the gypsum has been used as soil conditioner in agriculture or was dumped. The cooperative project, “Catalão Monazite: Economical exploitation of rare earth elements from monazite-bearing secondary raw materials,” intends to extract rare earth elements from these gypsum tailings. In this paper, a chemical process route to obtain a mixed rare earth carbonate from a monazite concentrate, was investigated. The results of the digestion, leaching, and precipitation experiments are presented and discussed herein. This includes reagent choice, process parameter optimization through experimental design, mineralogical characterization of the feed material and residues, purification of the leach solution, and precipitation of the rare earth as carbonates. The results showed that a rare earth extraction of about 90% without the mobilization of key impurities is possible during a sulfuric acid digestion with two heating stages and subsequent leaching with water. In the following purification step, the remaining impurities were precipitated with ammonium solution and the rare earth elements were successfully recovered as carbonates with a mixture of ammonium solution and ammonium bicarbonate.

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