High-bandwidth controller design for dual-stage actuator system in hard disk drives

Large-capacity hard disk drives are important for the development of an information society. The capacities of hard disk drives depend on the positioning accuracy of magnetic heads, which read and write digital data, in disk-positioning control systems. Therefore, it is necessary to improve positioning accuracy to develop hard disk drives with large capacities. Hard disk drives employ dual-stage actuator systems to accurately control the magnetic heads. A dual-stage actuator system consists of a voice coil motor and micro-actuator. In micro-actuators, there is a trade-off between head-positioning accuracy and stroke limitation. In particular, in a conventional controller design, the micro-actuator is required to actuate such that it compensates for low-frequency vibration. To overcome this trade-off, this study proposes a high-bandwidth controller design for the micro-actuator in a dual-stage actuator system. The proposed method can reduce the required stroke of the micro-actuator by increasing the gain of the feedback controller of the voice coil motor at low frequencies. Although the voice coil motor control loop becomes unstable, the micro-actuator stabilizes the entire feedback loop at high frequencies. As a result, the control system improves the positioning accuracy compared to that achieved by conventional control methods, and the required micro-actuator stroke is reduced.

Public Auditing Scheme for Integrity Verification in Distributed Cloud Storage System

Cloud storage provides a potential solution replacing physical disk drives in terms of prominent outsourcing services. A threaten from an untrusted server affects the security and integrity of the data. However, the major problem between the data integrity and cost of communication and computation is directly proportional to each other. It is hence necessary to develop a model that provides the trade-off between the data integrity and cost metrics in cloud environment. In this paper, we develop an integrity verification mechanism that enables the utilisation of cryptographic solution with algebraic signature. The model utilises elliptic curve digital signature algorithm (ECDSA) to verify the data outsources. The study further resists the malicious attacks including forgery attacks, replacing attacks and replay attacks. The symmetric encryption guarantees the privacy of the data. The simulation is conducted to test the efficacy of the algorithm in maintaining the data integrity with reduced cost. The performance of the entire model is tested against the existing methods in terms of their communication cost, computation cost, and overhead cost. The results of simulation show that the proposed method obtains reduced computational of 0.25% and communication cost of 0.21% than other public auditing schemes.

Sensing the Anti-Epileptic Drug Perampanel with Paper-Based Spinning SERS Substrates

The applications of SERS in therapeutic drug monitoring, or other fields of analytical chemistry, require the availability of sensitive sensors and experimental approaches that can be implemented in affordable ways. In this contribution, we show the production of cost-effective SERS sensors obtained by depositing Lee-Meisel Ag colloids on filter paper either by natural sedimentation or centrifugation. We have characterized the morphological and plasmonic features of the sensors by optical microscopy, SEM, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Such sensors can be used to quantify by SERS the anti-epileptic drug Perampanel (in the concentration range 1 × 10−4–5 × 10−6 M) by spinning them during the micro-Raman measurements on the top of a custom device obtained from spare part hard disk drives. This approach minimizes laser-induced heating effects and allows averaging over the spatial non-uniformity of the sensor.

Dual vortex breakdown in a two-fluid whirlpool

Looking for an optimal flow shape for culture growth in vortex bioreactors, an intriguing and impressive structure has been observed that mimics the strong swirling flows in the atmosphere (tornado) and ocean (waterspout). To better understand the flow nature and topology, this experimental study explores the development of vortex breakdown (VB) in a lab-scale swirling flow of two immiscible fluids filling a vertical cylindrical container. The rotating bottom disk drives the circulation of both fluids while the sidewall is stationary. The container can be either sealed with the still top disk (SC) or open (OC). As the rotation strength (Re) increases, a new circulation cell occurs in each fluid—the dual VB. In case SC, VB first emerges in the lower fluid at Re = 475 and then in the upper fluid at Re = 746. In case OC, VB first emerges in the upper fluid at Re = 524 and then in the lower fluid at Re = 538. The flow remains steady and axisymmetric with the interface and the free surface being just slightly deformed in the studied range of Re. Such two-VB swirling flows can provide efficient mixing in aerial or two-fluid bioreactors.

Rare Earth Elements Recycling Potential Estimate Based on End-of-Life NdFeB Permanent Magnets from Mobile Phones and Hard Disk Drives in Brazil

Besides neodymium, the chemical composition of Neodymium–Iron–Boron (NdFeB) permanent magnets possibly contains other rare earth elements (REEs) such as praseodymium, dysprosium, and terbium. Among its applications, NdFeB magnets are essential for Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) in computers for data storage, in Mobile Phones (MPs), and in acoustic transducers. Because REEs were classified as critical raw materials by the European Union and the USA, the recycling of them has become an important strategy to diminish supply risk. Therefore, in this publication, the authors have uncovered the recycling potential estimate (RPE) of these four REEs from both end-of-life (EoL) secondary sources. The results were based on the time-step method, using in-use stock and sales data from Brazil over the last decade (2010–2019). Moreover, the NdFeB magnets were characterized by content and weight to a more accurate RPE. The EoL generation over the decade studied showed different scenarios for MPs and HDDs, mainly due to lifespan, social behavior regarding storage and usage, and resources. Under those circumstances, the RPE revealed 211.30 t of REEs that could return as raw materials in the last decade, of which approximately 80% is neodymium. Unfortunately, recycling rates are still too low, even more so in Brazil, which is problematic for the future REE supply chain and electronic waste figures.

Characterization of Ultra-Thin Diamond-Like Carbon Films by SEM/EDX

A novel, high throughput method to characterize the chemistry of ultra-thin diamond-like carbon films is discussed. The method uses surface sensitive SEM/EDX to provide substrate-specific, semi-quantitative silicon nitride/DLC stack composition of protective films extensively used in the hard disk drives industry and at Angstrom-level. SEM/EDX output is correlated to TEM to provide direct, gauge-capable film thickness information using multiple regression models that make predictions based on film constituents. The best model uses the N/Si ratio in the films, instead of separate Si and N contributions. Topography of substrate/film after undergoing wear is correlatively and compositionally described based on chemical changes detected via the SEM/EDX method without the need for tedious cross-sectional workflows. Wear track regions of the substrate have a film depleted of carbon, as well as Si and N in the most severe cases, also revealing iron oxide formation. Analysis of film composition variations around industry-level thicknesses reveals a complex interplay between oxygen, silicon and nitrogen, which has been reflected mathematically in the regression models, as well as used to provide valuable insights into the as-deposited physics of the film.

Scratch Detection on Hard Disk Drive Media to Reduce Head Disk Interaction and Prevent Data Loss

Accurately detecting irregularities in the media — thermal asperities and delamination — and mapping them out from further usage is critical to prevent data loss and minimize head disk interaction (HDI). Defect growth is a common concern in hard disk drives (HDD) and the immediate vicinity of media defects are also mapped out to provide sufficient protection against defect growth. A class of media defects that prove more complex to protect against defect growth is scratches on the media. Margining a media scratch involves filling in the gaps between the components of a scratch and margining the vicinity of the scratch in the defect growth direction. While Hough transform based techniques and deeplearning models have been developed to identify media patterns, they cannot be implemented in the hard disk drive firmware due to memory and computational limitations. Here, we present a computationally simple and efficient alternative to identify scratches on the media by combining clustering and an iterative parameter estimation to fit a line to the scratch in noisy conditions. The result is a method that is capable of modeling linear, spiral and parabolic scratches on a media and fill gaps in the scratch and extend the margining at either end of the scratch.