scholarly journals La simbiosis fijadora de nitrógeno Sinorhizobium meliloti - alfalfa (Medicago sativa): Caracterización del rol biológico del ARN pequeño Sm8 en la vida libre y simbiótica de los rizobios

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Antonio Lagares

En el marco de las asociaciones benéficas fijadoras de nitrógeno entre bacterias y plantas, se destaca el par simbiótico rizobio-leguminosa integrado por Sinorhizobium meliloti y Medicago sativa (alfalfa), como modelo de referencia para el estudio de estas interacciones. Conocer con precisión los fenómenos moleculares a través de los cuáles se desarrolla la simbiosis entre rizobios y leguminosas, y cómo éstos se encuentran regulados, permite sentar las bases racionales para abordar la manipulación y el mejoramiento de las simbiosis con propósitos prácticos en el marco agroeconómico. Durante los últimos 20 años, el extenso estudio de los fenómenos riboregulatorios en organismos procariotas ha permitido esclarecer la importancia que posee esta forma de regulación de la expresión génica en bacterias. Recientemente, producto del desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías de alto impacto para la caracterización transcriptómica de organismos procariotas, se han identificado cientos de ARNs pequeños no codificantes (sRNAs) que se expresan desde el genoma de S. meliloti en consecuencia a diversos estímulos fisiológicos. Extrapolando las nociones adquiridas a partir de la intensa caracterización de los fenómenos mediados por sRNAs llevada a cabo principalmente en modelos de enterobacterias, hipotetizamos sobre la existencia de una extensa red riboregulatoria en S. meliloti que jugaría un rol distintivo en el ajuste fino de la regulación de la expresión génica en esta bacteria. Un mayor conocimiento acerca de cómo esta red riboregulatoria modula la expresión génica en rizobios se espera ayude a comprender mejor los mecanismos a través de los cuáles estos microorganismos logran adaptarse a las condiciones de estrés ambiental a las que se ven desafiados continuamente. En el presente trabajo de Tesis Doctoral se abordó la caracterización funcional del ARN pequeño no codificante Sm8 en S. meliloti. En primer lugar, se analizó la distribución filogenética e inferencias evolutivas del gen sm8 a través de la búsqueda y el análisis de sus genes homólogos, con el propósito de comprender el origen y la evolución del gen y de su entorno y contar con un marco de referencia valioso para la interpretación biológica. sm8 ha evolucionado a partir de un ancestro remoto común en la rama de las alfa-proteobacterias y se trata del gen codificante para sRNA de S. meliloti más extensamente distribuido y conservado -a nivel secuencial y estructural- en esta clase filogenética. A continuación, se llevó a cabo la caracterización del rol del sRNA Sm8 en S. meliloti durante la vida libre de los rizobios. A través del estudio comparativo del comportamiento de un conjunto de cepas isogénicas de S. meliloti 2011 en las que se alteró la concentración intracelular de Sm8 se logró establecer un vínculo entre la actividad intracelular del sRNA y el flujo metabólico de C hacia la acumulación de reservas bajo la forma de polihidroxibutirato (PHB); la expresión del sRNA en la cepa parental limita la acumulación del compuesto de reserva. Con el propósito de dilucidar las bases moleculares de acción del sRNA en la célula, se realizaron ensayos de transcriptómica y proteómica cuantitativa, orientados a revelar el regulón asociado al sRNA. En este sentido, se identificó un conjunto de genes cuya representatividad en el transcriptoma/proteoma varía -directa o indirectamente- en función de la concentración intracelular de Sm8. El análisis integral de los resultados ha permitido establecer un modelo de regulación metabólica mediado por el sRNA Sm8 en S. meliloti.

2007 ◽  
Vol 189 (23) ◽  
pp. 8741-8745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Jamet ◽  
Karine Mandon ◽  
Alain Puppo ◽  
Didier Hérouart

ABSTRACT The symbiotic interaction between Medicago sativa and Sinorhizobium meliloti RmkatB ++ overexpressing the housekeeping catalase katB is delayed, and this delay is combined with an enlargement of infection threads. This result provides evidence that H2O2 is required for optimal progression of infection threads through the root hairs and plant cell layers.


2004 ◽  
Vol 186 (18) ◽  
pp. 5988-5996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Dupont ◽  
Isabelle Garcia ◽  
Marie-Christine Poggi ◽  
Geneviève Alloing ◽  
Karine Mandon ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT In Sinorhizobium meliloti, choline is the direct precursor of phosphatidylcholine, a major lipid membrane component in the Rhizobiaceae family, and glycine betaine, an important osmoprotectant. Moreover, choline is an efficient energy source which supports growth. Using a PCR strategy, we identified three chromosomal genes (choXWV) which encode components of an ABC transporter: ChoX (binding protein), ChoW (permease), and ChoV (ATPase). Whereas the best homology scores were obtained with components of betaine ProU-like systems, Cho is not involved in betaine transport. Site-directed mutagenesis of choX strongly reduced (60 to 75%) the choline uptake activity, and purification of ChoX, together with analysis of the ligand-binding specificity, showed that ChoX binds choline with a high affinity (K D , 2.7 μM) and acetylcholine with a low affinity (K D , 145 μM) but binds none of the betaines. Uptake competition experiments also revealed that ectoine, various betaines, and choline derivatives were not effective competitors for Cho-mediated choline transport. Thus, Cho is a highly specific high-affinity choline transporter. Choline transport activity and ChoX expression were induced by choline but not by salt stress. Western blotting experiments with antibodies raised against ChoX demonstrated the presence of ChoX in bacteroids isolated from nitrogen-fixing nodules obtained from Medicago sativa roots. The choX mutation did not have an effect on growth under standard conditions, and neither Nod nor Fix phenotypes were impaired in the mutant, suggesting that the remaining choline uptake system(s) still present in the mutant strain can compensate for the lack of Cho transporter.


2000 ◽  
Vol 55 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 222-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heike Neumann ◽  
Dietrich Werner

Abstract Alfalfa plants (Medicago sativa cv. Europe) inoculated with Sinorhizobium meliloti 2011 (formerly Rhizobium meliloti, de Lajudie et al., 1994) were cultivated for 14 days under standardized growth conditions in mineral medium with addition of the heavy metal cadmium or the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fluoranthene. These xenobiotics significantly reduced the numbers of root nodules before any visible damage to the plant could be detected. EC10. EC50, and EC90 (effective concentrations reducing nodulation, shoot and root fresh weight by 10, 50, or 90% compared to the control without pollutant) were calculated. EC50 for cadmium ranged from 5.8 jam (nodulation) to more than 20 μᴍ (root fresh weight). Testing fluoranthene resulted in an EC50 of 2.5 μg cm-2 for nodulation, and EC50 values of more than 35 μg cm-2 for shoot and root biomass production, indicating that the effect parameter nodulation is 10-fold more sensitive than shoot and root fresh weight. With m RNA differential display techniques the effects of both xenobiotics on gene expression in alfalfa root systems were studied. 37 differentially displayed transcripts were detected. Two of them, called DDMs1 and DDMs2, were confirmed by northern hybridization to be down-regulated in the presence of the xenobiotics. The expression of transcript DDMs1 was enhanced in alfalfa control plants inoculated with rhizobia, the transcript level was increased 2.5-3-fold compared to non-inoculated plants. This positive effect of nodulation was suppressed, partly by 35 μg cm-2 fluoranthene and totally by 20 μᴍ cadmium. The decrease in DDMsl transcription was highly affected by the cadmium concentration with an EC50 of 5.9 μᴍ . Compared to nodulation, almost identical EC10, EC50. and EC90 values were found for DDMsl expression. Sequence analysis of DDMsl revealed a significant overall homology (50% identity) to a hypothetical protein from Arabidopsis thaliana with high similarity to a copper transporting ATPase. High levels of transcript DDMs2 were observed in control plants with a 50% decrease in the xenobiotic-treated plants. DDM s2 gave a strong homology (82% identity) to the cytoplasmatic 60S ribosomal protein L18 from Arabidopsis thaliana.


2007 ◽  
Vol 189 (19) ◽  
pp. 7077-7088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Glenn ◽  
Nataliya Gurich ◽  
Morgan A. Feeney ◽  
Juan E. González

ABSTRACT Sinorhizobium meliloti is a gram-negative soil bacterium capable of forming a symbiotic nitrogen-fixing relationship with its plant host, Medicago sativa. Various bacterially produced factors are essential for successful nodulation. For example, at least one of two exopolysaccharides produced by S. meliloti (succinoglycan or EPS II) is required for nodule invasion. Both of these polymers are produced in high- and low-molecular-weight (HMW and LMW, respectively) fractions; however, only the LMW forms of either succinoglycan or EPS II are active in nodule invasion. The production of LMW succinoglycan can be generated by direct synthesis or through the depolymerization of HMW products by the action of two specific endoglycanases, ExsH and ExoK. Here, we show that the ExpR/Sin quorum-sensing system in S. meliloti is involved in the regulation of genes responsible for succinoglycan biosynthesis as well as in the production of LMW succinoglycan. Therefore, quorum sensing, which has been shown to regulate the production of EPS II, also plays an important role in succinoglycan biosynthesis.


2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Diane Knight

Because of its small seed size, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) typically is seeded at a shallow depth, putting Rhizobium inoculated onto the seed coat at a high risk of desiccation. Granular inoculants may provide a superior delivery formulation for Rhizobium because the inoculant can be placed deeper in the soil than the seed, where it is protected from desiccation. Sinorhizobium meliloti cv. Beaver delivered as (1) pre-inoculated alfalfa seed from the inoculant manufacturer, (2) commercial peat-based, self-sticking inoculant applied on-site, and (3) granular inoculant placed with the seed or (4) banded below and to the side of the seed was evaluated against uninoculated alfalfa controls at three field sites in Saskatchewan. Overall, alfalfa inoculated with the granular formulation placed below and to the side of the alfalfa seed was among the highest biomass producer in the establishment year, although it did not exhibit superior nodulation or biological N fixation compared with the other treatments. Any advantage conferred by the granular inoculant in the establishment year did not persist through the first and second production years. Under the conditions of this study, the delivery formulation had no long-term affect on alfalfa productivity, nodulation and biological N fixation. Furthermore, none of the inoculant treatments were consistently superior to the uninoculated controls. Key words: Alfalfa, granular inoculant, peat inoculant, pre-inoculated seed, Medicago sativa L., Sinorhizobium meliloti


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