scholarly journals CALCULATION OF FIELD CAPACITY AND FUEL CONSUMPTION OF MOBILE MACHINERY WITH BUNKERS, TANKS OR OTHER CONTAINERS FOR AGRICULTURAL GOODS

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Chavdar Vezirov ◽  
Atanas Atanasov ◽  
Nicolae-Valentin Vladut
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
North American ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Automatic Calculation ◽  
East European ◽  
Needed Information ◽  
Mobile Machinery ◽  
Fertilizer Solution

A method and procedure for automatic calculation of field capacity and fuel consumption of mobile machinery with tanks, hoppers and bunkers is suggested. They are based on a combination of two well-founded approaches: East-European and North-American. To increase its calculation area some applications for machines with containers as grain, fertilizer, solution, etc. are added. An example of five linked field operations, namely potato transportation, fertilization, spraying, planting and harvesting is presented. A list of needed information with relations between them and main indices of agricultural aggregates is prepared. For convenience and objectivity calculations are automated with spreadsheets.

scholarly journals Material flow determination through agricultural machinery management

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Libório Romanelli ◽  
Marcos Milan
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Material Flow ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Effective Field ◽  
Silage Production ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Agricultural Production Systems

The approach of material embodiment in agricultural production systems is important because it determines the convergence of inputs (indirectly, the natural resources) to the field. Additionally, material flow is the basis for both environmental (energy analysis, emergy synthesis, life-cycle analysis and carbon inventories) and economical analyses. Since different materials cannot compose a single index, generally these flows are not shown, making comparisons among approaches difficult. Another aspect that makes comparisons difficult is the definition of the boundary of the studied system. If these boundaries differ, results will also be different, hiding actual distinctions among systems. The present study aims to suggest an arrangement of existing models to determine material flow in agricultural production systems. The following steps were considered: i) the adoption of a diagram language to represent the analyzed system; ii) determination of the material flow for directly applied inputs; iii) determination of the material flow for indirectly applied inputs, which included: determination of the effective field capacity; fuel consumption; machinery depreciation; and labor. Data on fuel consumption were compared with the models presented. The best model applied was a fixed parameter based on engine power (0.163 L kW-1 h-1). The determination of the material flow for maize silage production presented similar results as those obtained in regional databases.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Whole-Body-Vibration Among Tractor (41 kW) Drawn Subsoilers

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-134
Author(s):  
Rajeshkumar Bandhiya ◽  
Kundan Jain
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Whole Body Vibration ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Exposure Limits ◽  
Wheel Slip ◽  
Body Vibration ◽  
Different Depths

Whole-body-vibration can be say to that part of vibration which received by a person’s body, from the machine. Subsoiling is heavy draft farm operation so to know the effect of subsoiling on vibration, it needs documentation which helps to decide safe exposure limits in sense of duration of safe subsoilling hours. For study, three subsoilers as single tine straight shank subsoiler (S1), double tine straight shank subsoiler (S2), and double tine curved shank subsoiler (S3) at three different depths (20-25, 25-30, and 30-35 cm) performed subsoiling and evaluated the effect of subsoiling on different parameters as vibration, fuel consumption, wheel slip, draft, and soil disturbance area were observed and analyzed. The vibration was increased as operating depth was increased. It was recorded maximum at depth of 30-35 cm (d3) for “X” direction as 0.296 m/s2, for “Y” direction as 0.284 m/s2, for “Z” direction as 0.431 m/s2, and for total acceleration (Ahv) as 0.451 m/s2. The vibration in “X” direction was increased 5.86 % and 11.64 %, in “Y” direction was increased 6.52 % and 12.42 %, in “Z” direction was increased 3.68 % and 8.11 %, and Ahv was increased 10.23 % and 13.59 %, for d2 and d3 depths compared to d1 depth. On the other hand, the fuel consumption, wheel slip, and draft were found maximum for S2 subsoiler and minimum for S1 subsoiler. Soil disturbance area was observed maximum for S2 subsoiler and minimum for S1 subsoiler. Also same effect as vibration, the increased subsoiling depth resulted increased in these parameters. The safe exposure working hours were calculated as work with S1 subsoiler at the depths of d1, d2, and d3 were 8 h, 6 h, and 4 h respectively. Same as for S2 subsoiler were 4 hours at all depths and for S3 subsoiler it was calculated 4 to 6 hours. In conclusion, single tine subsoiler can be a better option for subsoiling. Only the soil disturbance area and field capacity becomes half as compared to double tine subsoilers.

A fuel consumption model for off-road use of mobile machinery in agriculture

Energy ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 880-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veerle Van linden ◽  
Lieve Herman
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Mobile Machinery ◽  
Consumption Model

Western Civilization: Anatomy and Pathology

1981 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Galtung
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
North American ◽  
Western Civilization ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
East European ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
External Influences ◽  
The World ◽  
Western European

In this article, the author assumes that Western civilization (found in Western and Eastern Europe, North America, the USSR, and Muslim societies) has been dominant in the world, and he explores the positive and negative effects of this civilizational penetration on Hindu, Sinic and Nipponic traditions. Approaching the investigation from a cosmological perspective, he argues that civilizations are in incessant interaction – lending, borrowing, sending, receiving, imposing and submitting as people, things and ideas move in space and time. The consequences of interaction are twofold: (1) it gives rise to similarities in deep structures and ideologies of otherwise dissimilar civilizations; (2) it could mitigate the dominance of one civilization across time. Applied to Western penetration, this analysis suggests that during a period of expansion, the dominant civilization transmits its central themes to civilizations unable to resist penetration through isolation (the Sinic case) or through economic-military countermeasures (the Nipponic case). (Hindu civilization is a class apart, since its extraordinary richness enables it to both absorb and modify external influences.) As the dominant civilization becomes overextended, it enters a period of contraction marked by some openness to civilizations in the expansion mode. This process is iterative. The author concludes that Western European and North American aspects of Western civilization (the inner West) are in contraction while Islam, East European and Soviet forms are expanding, and the remaining civilizations are occidentalizing. Thus, the inner West, which is basically dominance-oriented and exploitative in the expansion mode, may now be ready to enter a dialogue with less aggressive cosmologies, with potentially important consequences for global civilization.

scholarly journals Rancang Bangun Unit Pemotong dan Pengarah pada Mesin Panen Padi (Oryza sativa l.) Tipe Carry Harvester

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 373
Author(s):  
Ida Bagus Komang Edo Setiawan ◽  
I Made Anom S. Wijaya ◽  
I Nyoman Sucipta
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Effective Field ◽  
Agricultural Field ◽  
Unit Effectiveness ◽  
Terraced Paddy Field ◽  
Cutting Unit

Terraced agricultural field with an area of ??less than 0.1 ha per plot is difficult to reach by large size and large capacity agricultural machines. A medium type rice harvester (carry harvester) is an agricultural machine that can be used on small and terraced field. The aim of this research is to design a cutting unit and guiding unit of paddy harvesting machine for easy to use on small and terraced paddy field. The parameters engine performance test are effective field capacity (EFC), cutting unit effectiveness, guiding unit effectiveness, fuel consumption and harvesting rice losses. The performance test of the cutting and guiding unit is running well, which is shown by the percentage of cutting effectiveness and guiding effectiveness is 99% on average. The guiding of carry harvester are directed to the left side of the machine. The performance test results show the EFC harvesting of this machine is 0.05 ha / hour. Fuel consumption of 1.2 l / hour. The average losses at harvest is 3.1%. These factors can be taken into consideration in the selection of harvesting methods, especially in terraced rice fields that cannot be reached by other harvesting machines to overcome the shortage of harvesting labor.     Lahan pertanian yang berteras dan memiliki luasan per petak kurang dari 0.1 ha, sulit dijangkau oleh mesin-mesin pertanian yang berukuran dan berkapasitas besar. Mesin pemanen padi tipe menengah (carry harvester) merupakan mesin pertanian yang dapat digunakan pada lahan kecil dan berteras. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk merancang unit pemotong dan pengarah mesin pemanen padi yang mudah digunakan pada lahan kecil dan berteras. Parameter uji kinerja mesin yang diukur adalah kapasitas lapang efektif (KLE), Efektifitas unit pemotong, efektivitas unit pengarah, kosnsumsi bahan bakar dan susut padi pemanenan. Hasil kerja menunjukan unit pemotong dan  pengarah berjalan dengan baik, yang ditunjukkan oleh presentase efektivitas pemotongan dan pengarahan rata-rata 99%. Hasil potongan padi diarahkan ke sisi kiri mesin. Hasil uji kinerja menunjukkan KLE pemanenan mesin ini adalah 0,05 ha/jam. Konsumsi bahan bakar sebesar 1,2 l/jam. Rata-rata susut saat panen mesin sebesar 3,1%. Faktor-faktor tersebut dapat dijadikan pertimbangan pemilihan metode pemanenan terutama di lahan sawah berteras yang tidak dapat dijangkau mesin pemanen lainnya untuk mengatasi kekurangan tenaga kerja pemanen.

scholarly journals Carboniferous fusuline Foraminifera: taxonomy, regional biostratigraphy, and palaeobiogeographic faunal development

2021 ◽  
pp. SP512-2021-107
Author(s):  
Katsumi Ueno
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
East European Platform ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Taxonomic Group ◽  
East European ◽  
Rheic Ocean ◽  
Photosynthetic Microorganisms ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
North American Craton ◽  
Boreal Realm

AbstractThis paper proposes a synthesis of the taxonomy, phylogeny, palaeogeographic distribution, regional biostratigraphy, and palaeobiogeographic faunal development of Carboniferous fusuline foraminifers. They appeared in the latest Tournaisian and comprised a small-sized, morphologically conservative taxonomic group during the Mississippian. Fusulines became larger and prevailed in Pennsylvanian foraminiferal assemblages. Carboniferous fusulines consist of Ozawainellidae, Staffellidae, Schubertellidae, Fusulinidae, and Schwagerinidae, in which 95 genera are considered as valid taxonomically. Upsizing their shells throughout the Pennsylvanian is likely related to symbiosis with photosynthetic microorganisms, which was accelerated by the acquisition of a keriothecal wall in Late Pennsylvanian schwagerinids. Regional fusuline succession data from 40 provinces provide a refined biostratigraphy, enabling zonation and correlation with substage- or higher-resolution precision in the Pennsylvanian. Their spatio-temporal faunal characteristics show that fusulines had a cosmopolitan palaeobiogeographic signature in Mississippian time, suggesting unrestricted faunal exchange through the palaeoequatorial Rheic Ocean. After the formation of Pangea, Pennsylvanian fusulines started to show provincialism, and their distributions defined the Ural-Arctic Region in the Boreal Realm, Palaeotethys, Panthalassa, and North American Craton regions in the Palaeoequatorial Realm, and Western Gondwana and Eastern Peri-Gondwana regions in the Gondwana Realm. The Western Palaeotethys and East European Platform Subregions maintained higher generic diversity throughout the Pennsylvanian.

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