scholarly journals BACKGROUND OF THE LINGUISTIC THEORIES (ESPECIALLY OF THE SIGN) IN FERDINAND DE SAUSURRE: FROM CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY TO THE XIX CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (10) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Andrés Montaner Bueno
Keyword(s):  
Functional System ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Port Royal ◽  
Ferdinand De Saussure ◽  
Linguistic Sign ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
General Linguistics ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Limit Language

In this study, it is our objective to carry out a historical tour of the main antecedents that we can find on the linguistic theories in Ferdinand de Saussure, with special emphasis on the influences he took for the elaboration of his theory of the sign. To do this, given the philosophicalrationalist nature that supports his theoretical conceptions, we are going to study the hypotheses preceding his, which had a logical-speculative nature. In this sense, we will start with Classical Antiquity focusing on the contributions made by the main Greek philosophers (Socrates, Platon and Aristotle) on the language / thought duality and the origin motivated or not of linguistic signs. Next, we will address the medieval theories of scholasticism and its conception of language as a syntactic and paradigmatic system in which agreement and rection were of fundamental importance, as Saussure would explain centuries later, categorizing language as a formal and functional system. Next, we will carry out an overview of the rationalist linguistic thought conceived by El Brocense in the 16th century and made explicit in his Minerva. From him, Saussure would take the conception that reason was above any use or linguistic norm that tried to limit language. Later, already located in the seventeenth century, we will study the general and reasoned Grammar of Port-Royal and its influence on Ferdinand de Saussure, especially with regard to the conception of the two faces of the linguistic sign (meaning and signifier). Finally, we will review some of the late nineteenth century theories that influenced Saussure and that were basically those conceived by the Kazan and Moscow schools and by the thought of the American linguist W. D. Whitney. Finally, we will expose some of the fundamental concepts contained in Ferdinand de Saussure's General Linguistics Course in which he presented his linguistic theories

A ‘Polis’ in Jerusalem: The Jewish State

1997 ◽  
pp. 432-448
Author(s):  
Yaacov Shavit
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Western Civilization ◽  
The Political ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Jewish State ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
Political Experience ◽  
Zionist Movement ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This chapter turns to politics. Here, the return of the Jews to history was also their return to the realm of politics and statesmanship, whether as participants in European politics in various countries or as a new emerging political entity in Palestine from 1882. The idea of a Jewish state could be nourished by the memories of Jewish independence and Jewish sovereignty in biblical and post-biblical times, or by the messianic prophecies, but no one seriously thought of a revival of a Jewish kingdom. Thus it was the European political experience which was the political school of the Zionist movement. When Jews of the late nineteenth century lost faith in absolute enlightened monarchies (or after monarchies gave way to other types of government), the liberal-democratic paradigm of state that they adopted was closer to the political heritage of classical antiquity than to the Jewish political heritage. In that they followed the course taken by Western civilization.

Ancient History, American Time: Chesnutt's Outsider Classicism and the Present Past

PMLA ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Levi Barnard
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
American Exceptionalism ◽  
The United States ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
The Past ◽  
Imperial Expansion ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Sectional Conflict

This essay advances a theory of black classicism as a mode of resistance to the dominant narrative of American history, according to which the United States was to be a new Rome, rooted in the best traditions of classical antiquity yet destined to surpass its antecedent through the redeeming power of American exceptionalism. In the late nineteenth century this narrative reemerged as a means of getting beyond sectional conflict and refocusing on imperial expansion and economic growth. For Charles Chesnutt, a post-Reconstruction African American writer, the progress of American civilization was a dubious notion, a fiction suited to the nation's imperial purposes. In opposition, Chesnutt developed an outsider classicism, challenging the figuration of the United States as inheritor of the mantle of Western civilization by linking the nation to the ancient world through the institution of slavery—a very present relic of the past.

scholarly journals Emigração portuguesa para o Brasil nos fins do século XIX (Portuguese emigration to Brazil in the late nineteenth century)

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (25) ◽  
pp. 292
Author(s):  
José Alberto Dos Santos Marques
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Declaration Of Independence ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Xix Century

<p>A declaração de independência do Brasil, em 1822, não constituiu uma ruptura com Portugal. A presença da corte portuguesa no Rio de Janeiro 1807-1821 determinou que muitos portugueses se estabelecessem lá. Este processo de instalação gradual das famílias criou algum tipo de fascínio pela terra brasileira. Assim, ao longo do século XIX, os embarques para aquela terra quase sempre foram em busca de fortuna. Em nosso trabalho vamos seguir, por meio da análise dos passaportes emitidos pelo Governo Civil de Lisboa, das listas de passageiros e da correspondência desse movimento do Brasil. De lá, ele vai decorrer uma análise social, econômica, política, cultural e, também, das duas comunidades.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The declaration of independence of Brazil, in 1822, did not constitute a rupture with Portugal. The presence of the Portuguese court in Rio de Janeiro from 1807 to 1821 determined that many Portuguese established themselves there. This process of gradual installation of the families created some kind of fascination for the Brazilian land. Thus, to the long of the XIX century the embarkments for that land, almost always had been in search of fortune. In our work we will follow, through the analysis of the emitted passports of the lists of passengers and the correspondence of this movement from Brazil. From there it will elapse a social, economic, politic analysis, and also cultural of the two communities.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Brazil; Emigration; Portugal; Nineteenth century.</p>

The Paradoxes of Quo vadis

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
Jerzy Axer
Keyword(s):  
Central Place ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Ancient Rome ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
Religious Vision ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Quo Vadis

Both the manner in which Sienkiewicz constructed his vision of ancient Rome and the way it affected contemporary readers appear paradoxical. This chapter presents four examples of these contradictions. The topographical vision of the Eternal City constructed in the novel reflects the perception of a pilgrim tourist visiting it in the late nineteenth century; nevertheless that vision restored the sense of connection held by native Italians with the tradition of Urbs Roma. The characters endowed in the novel with the greatest freedom of movement belong to Sienkiewicz’s world rather than to classical antiquity. As for the historical characters, they are passive and essentially form part of the novel’s mock-up of Neronian Rome. The book turned out to be very attractive to European readers, giving them an impression of genuine contact with their Roman heritage. Yet this effect was achieved by an author who drew upon the tradition of a Latinity imported into Poland and who, in addition, gave a central place to the motif of a Slavic martyr evangelizing her Roman oppressors. Readers who were completely unaware of the slogan ‘Poland, the Christ of Nations’, and understood nothing of the book’s patriotic codes, could nonetheless feel the authenticity of the author’s experience of something that can be called a ‘totalitarian system’. In this way, thanks to a Polish writer, European readers were given a vivid and impressive vision of Nero’s time, told from the point of view of the weak and oppressed. It was a historical and religious vision that seemed more believable than anything the writers of the West could offer them.

Contents of Western Sociology of Religion as a Science and Educational Discipline

2002 ◽  
pp. 106-110
Author(s):  
Liudmyla O. Fylypovych
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
International Society ◽  
Sociology Of Religion ◽  
Scientific Study ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Sociology of religion in the West is a field of knowledge with at least 100 years of history. As a science and as a discipline, the sociology of religion has been developing in most Western universities since the late nineteenth century, having established traditions, forming well-known schools, areas related to the names of famous scholars. The total number of researchers of religion abroad has never been counted, but there are more than a thousand different centers, universities, colleges where religion is taught and studied. If we assume that each of them has an average of 10 religious scholars, theologians, then the army of scholars of religion is amazing. Most of them are united in representative associations of researchers of religion, which have a clear sociological color. Among them are the most famous International Society for the Sociology of Religion (ISSR) and the Society for Scientific Study of Religion (SSSR).

John Lloyd Williams (1854–1945): profile of a Snowdonian botanist

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Dewi Jones
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Plant Physiology ◽  
Marine Algae ◽  
Plant Distribution ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Major Study ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Late Nineteenth

John Lloyd Williams was an authority on the arctic-alpine flora of Snowdonia during the late nineteenth century when plant collecting was at its height, but unlike other botanists and plant collectors he did not fully pursue the fashionable trend of forming a complete herbarium. His diligent plant-hunting in a comparatively little explored part of Snowdonia led to his discovering a new site for the rare Killarney fern (Trichomanes speciosum), a feat which was considered a major achievement at the time. For most part of the nineteenth century plant distribution, classification and forming herbaria, had been paramount in the learning of botany in Britain resulting in little attention being made to other aspects of the subject. However, towards the end of the century many botanists turned their attention to studying plant physiology, a subject which had advanced significantly in German laboratories. Rivalry between botanists working on similar projects became inevitable in the race to be first in print as Lloyd Williams soon realized when undertaking his major study on the cytology of marine algae.

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