scholarly journals Fast Power Density Assessment of 5G Mobile Handset Using Equivalent Currents Method

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang He ◽  
Bo Xu ◽  
Lucia Scialacqua ◽  
Zhinong Ying ◽  
Alessandro Scannavini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Density ◽  
Phase Error ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Scanning System ◽  
Spatial Average ◽  
Exposure Limits ◽  
Compliance Testing ◽  
Fast Power ◽  
Mobile Handset ◽  
Equivalent Currents

<div>As the fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication is utilizing millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency bands, electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure emitted from a 5G mmWave mobile handset should be evaluated and compliant with the relevant EMF exposure limits in terms of peak spatial-average incident power density. In this work, a fast power density (PD) assessment method for a 5G mmWave mobile handset using the equivalent currents (EQC) method is proposed. The EQC method utilizes the intermediate-field (IF) data collected by a spherical measurement system to reconstruct the EQCs over a reconstruction surface, and then computes the PD in close proximity of the mobile handset with acceptable accuracy. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated using a mmWave mobile handset mock-up equipped with four quasi-Yagi antennas. The assessed PD results are compared with those computed using full-wave simulations and also those measured with a planar near-field (NF) scanning system. In addition, three influencing factors related to the accuracy of the EQC method, namely, the angular resolution, the phase error, and the handset position in the IF measurements, are also analyzed. The proposed method is a good candidate for fast PD assessment of EMF exposure compliance testing in the mmWave frequency range.</div>

scholarly journals Fast Power Density Assessment of 5G Mobile Handset Using Equivalent Currents Method

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang He ◽  
Bo Xu ◽  
Lucia Scialacqua ◽  
Zhinong Ying ◽  
Alessandro Scannavini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Density ◽  
Phase Error ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Scanning System ◽  
Spatial Average ◽  
Exposure Limits ◽  
Compliance Testing ◽  
Fast Power ◽  
Mobile Handset ◽  
Equivalent Currents

<div>As the fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication</div><div>is utilizing millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency bands, electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure emitted from a 5G mmWave mobile handset should be evaluated and compliant with the relevant EMF exposure limits in terms of peak spatial-average incident power density. In this work, a fast power density (PD) assessment method for a 5G mmWave mobile handset using the equivalent currents (EQC) method is proposed. The EQC method utilizes the intermediate-field (IF) data collected by a spherical measurement system to reconstruct the EQCs over a reconstruction surface, and then computes the PD in</div><div>close proximity of the mobile handset with acceptable accuracy. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated using a mmWave mobile handset mock-up equipped with four quasi-Yagi antennas. The assessed PD results are compared with those computed using full-wave simulations and also those measured with a planar near-field (NF) scanning system. In addition, three influencing factors related to the accuracy of the EQC method, namely, the angular resolution, the phase error, and the handset</div><div>position in the IF measurements, are also analyzed. The proposed method is a good candidate for fast PD assessment of EMF exposure compliance testing in the mmWave frequency range.</div>

scholarly journals Fast Power Density Assessment of 5G Mobile Handset Using Equivalent Currents Method

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang He ◽  
Bo Xu ◽  
Lucia Scialacqua ◽  
Zhinong Ying ◽  
Alessandro Scannavini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Density ◽  
Phase Error ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Scanning System ◽  
Spatial Average ◽  
Exposure Limits ◽  
Compliance Testing ◽  
Fast Power ◽  
Mobile Handset ◽  
Equivalent Currents

<div>As the fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication</div><div>is utilizing millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency bands, electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure emitted from a 5G mmWave mobile handset should be evaluated and compliant with the relevant EMF exposure limits in terms of peak spatial-average incident power density. In this work, a fast power density (PD) assessment method for a 5G mmWave mobile handset using the equivalent currents (EQC) method is proposed. The EQC method utilizes the intermediate-field (IF) data collected by a spherical measurement system to reconstruct the EQCs over a reconstruction surface, and then computes the PD in</div><div>close proximity of the mobile handset with acceptable accuracy. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated using a mmWave mobile handset mock-up equipped with four quasi-Yagi antennas. The assessed PD results are compared with those computed using full-wave simulations and also those measured with a planar near-field (NF) scanning system. In addition, three influencing factors related to the accuracy of the EQC method, namely, the angular resolution, the phase error, and the handset</div><div>position in the IF measurements, are also analyzed. The proposed method is a good candidate for fast PD assessment of EMF exposure compliance testing in the mmWave frequency range.</div>

scholarly journals Fast Power Density Assessment of 5G Mobile Handset Using Equivalent Currents Method

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Wang He ◽  
Bo Xu ◽  
Lucia Scialacqua ◽  
Zhinong Ying ◽  
Alessandro Scannavini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Density ◽  
Fast Power ◽  
Mobile Handset ◽  
Density Assessment ◽  
Equivalent Currents

scholarly journals Forward Transformation from Reactive Near-Field to Near and Far-Field at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. 4780
Author(s):  
Serge Pfeifer ◽  
Arya Fallahi ◽  
Jingtian Xi ◽  
Esra Neufeld ◽  
Niels Kuster
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Spatial Average ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Phase Reconstruction ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Wide Range

With the advent of 5G mobile communications at millimeter-wave frequencies, the assessment of the maximum averaged power density on numerous surfaces close to the transmitter will become a requirement. This makes phasor knowledge about the electric and magnetic fields an inevitable requirement. To avoid the burdensome measurement of these field quantities in the entire volume of interest, phase reconstruction algorithms from measurements over a plane in the far-field region are being extensively developed. In this paper, we extended the previously developed method of phase reconstruction to evaluate the near and far-field of sources with bounded uncertainty, which is robust with respect to noisy data and optimized for a minimal number of measurement points at a distance as close as λ /5 from the source. The proposed procedure takes advantage of field integral equations and electric field measurements with the EUmmWVx probe to evaluate the field phasors close to the radiation source and subsequently obtain the field values in the whole region of interest with minimal computation and measurement costs. The main constraints are the maximal noise level regarding the peak electric field and measurement plane size with respect to the percentage of transmitted power content. The measurement of a third plane overcomes some of the noise issues. The method was evaluated by simulations of a wide range of antennas at different noise levels and at different distances and by measurements of four different antennas. A successful reconstruction in the near and far-field was achieved both qualitatively and quantitatively for distances between 2.5–150 mm from the antenna and noise levels of −24 dB from the peak. The deviation of reconstruction from the simulation reference for the peak spatial-average power density with an averaging area of 1 cm 2 was, in all cases, well within the uncertainty budget of 0.6 dB, if the reconstruction planes captured >95% of the total radiated power. The proposed new method is very promising for compliance assessment and can reduce test time considerably.

Measurement System for BGA Coplanarity

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Qiu ◽  
Changku Sun ◽  
Shenghua Ye ◽  
Yilan Kang
Keyword(s):  
Measurement System ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Optical Image ◽  
Scanning System ◽  
Laser Scanning System

This paper presents a line-structured laser scanning system for measuring the coplanrity of BGA chip leads. The corresponding methematics model of the system is gived. And also a study of optical image splitting and splicing technique is constructed and used to improve the resolution of the system. Furthemore, a contact-datum-plane assessment method is established to evaluate the coplanarity of BGA chip leads. The experimental studies on a 20 × 20 array of BGA chip is carryed out, the inaccuracy error of the measurement system is 2σ= 0.033μm.

scholarly journals Power Density Measurement within Kaduna North Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Bello Ayodeji ◽  
Nicodemus Kure Kure ◽  
Isaac Daniel ◽  
Emmanuel Adoyi ◽  
Esther Obiechile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Field Strength ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Density Measurement ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Exposure Limits ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Rf Antenna

The measurement of possible presence of radiofrequency (RF) radiations from telecommunication base stations was carried out within Kaduna North Area of Kaduna State, to estimate the maximum level of power density from RF radiations to which the member of the populace within specific radius from the base transceiver station (BTS) are exposed to in relation to the existing guidelines to human exposure. Power density S (µWm-2) measurements were made at interval of 20 m to check the exposure level at public locations from 10 RF antenna sites starting from the foot of each BS to distance (radius) of 100 m using Aaronia Spectran HF-4060 Analyser and the electric field strength E (Vm-1) were calculated. The highest and lowest value obtained from measured mean power densities were 108.27 µWm-2 and 94.74 µWm-2 from a distance of 100 m and 40 m respectively. Also, the highest and lowest average electric field strength were 202.03 (Vm-1) and 188.99 (Vm-1) at 100 m and 40 m respectively. The result obtained, indicates that the measured values were far less than the permissible exposure limits for both workers and the general public as set by the International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). These results shows that the exposure levels in these areas are low and as such will not pose significant health risks to the people living in the study area.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document