scholarly journals 2D Optical Phased Arrays for Laser Beam Steering Based on 3D Polymer Photonic Integrated Circuits

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Raptakis ◽  
Lefteris Gounaridis ◽  
Madeleine Weigel ◽  
Moritz Kleinert ◽  
Michalis Georgiopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Phased Arrays ◽  
Photonic Integrated Circuits ◽  
Beam Steering ◽  
Beam Width ◽  
Phase Shifters ◽  
Beam Scanning ◽  
Steering Angle ◽  
Experimental Proof ◽  
Optical Phased Arrays

We propose a novel concept for the implementation of 2-dimensional (2D) optical phased arrays (OPAs) with end-fire waveguides as antenna elements (AEs), and we present its theoretical model and experimental proof. The concept is based on the use of 3-dimensional (3D) photonic integrated circuits (PICs) with multiple waveguiding layers on the PolyBoard platform. In their simplest form, the 3D PICs comprise AEs at different layers, vertical and lateral couplers for the distribution of light among the AEs, and phase shifters for the execution of the 2D beam scanning process. Using the field equivalence principle, we model the radiated field from the single-mode waveguide of the platform at 1550 nm, and we find that the expected beam width is 12.7<sup>o</sup>. We also investigate the perturbation that is induced into propagating fields inside parallel waveguides in proximity, and we conclude that waveguide spacings down to 6 µm can be safely used for development of uniform OPAs in the PolyBoard platform. For OPAs with 6 µm pitch and 4 AEs, we find that the maximum steering angle is 14.0<sup>o</sup> and the expected angular clearance, wherein the main radiation lobe is higher than any grating lobe by at least 3, 6 and 10 dB is 10.8<sup>o</sup>, 7.6<sup>o</sup> and 2.8<sup>o</sup>, respectively. Based on our simulations, we design and fabricate single- and 2-layer PICs with 1×4 and 2×4 OPAs. The lateral pitch of the OPAs ranges from 10 down to 6 µm, while the vertical pitch is 7.2 µm. We experimentally characterize these OPAs and validate the potential of the 2-layer PICs for 2D beam scanning on the azimuthal and elevation plane. The beam profiles and the main scanning parameters such as the maximum steering angle and the relative intensity between the main and the grating lobes are found in excellent agreement with our simulations.

scholarly journals 2D Optical Phased Arrays for Laser Beam Steering Based on 3D Polymer Photonic Integrated Circuits

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Raptakis ◽  
Lefteris Gounaridis ◽  
Madeleine Weigel ◽  
Moritz Kleinert ◽  
Michalis Georgiopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Phased Arrays ◽  
Photonic Integrated Circuits ◽  
Beam Steering ◽  
Beam Width ◽  
Phase Shifters ◽  
Beam Scanning ◽  
Steering Angle ◽  
Experimental Proof ◽  
Optical Phased Arrays

We propose a novel concept for the implementation of 2-dimensional (2D) optical phased arrays (OPAs) with end-fire waveguides as antenna elements (AEs), and we present its theoretical model and experimental proof. The concept is based on the use of 3-dimensional (3D) photonic integrated circuits (PICs) with multiple waveguiding layers on the PolyBoard platform. In their simplest form, the 3D PICs comprise AEs at different layers, vertical and lateral couplers for the distribution of light among the AEs, and phase shifters for the execution of the 2D beam scanning process. Using the field equivalence principle, we model the radiated field from the single-mode waveguide of the platform at 1550 nm, and we find that the expected beam width is 12.7<sup>o</sup>. We also investigate the perturbation that is induced into propagating fields inside parallel waveguides in proximity, and we conclude that waveguide spacings down to 6 µm can be safely used for development of uniform OPAs in the PolyBoard platform. For OPAs with 6 µm pitch and 4 AEs, we find that the maximum steering angle is 14.0<sup>o</sup> and the expected angular clearance, wherein the main radiation lobe is higher than any grating lobe by at least 3, 6 and 10 dB is 10.8<sup>o</sup>, 7.6<sup>o</sup> and 2.8<sup>o</sup>, respectively. Based on our simulations, we design and fabricate single- and 2-layer PICs with 1×4 and 2×4 OPAs. The lateral pitch of the OPAs ranges from 10 down to 6 µm, while the vertical pitch is 7.2 µm. We experimentally characterize these OPAs and validate the potential of the 2-layer PICs for 2D beam scanning on the azimuthal and elevation plane. The beam profiles and the main scanning parameters such as the maximum steering angle and the relative intensity between the main and the grating lobes are found in excellent agreement with our simulations.

scholarly journals 2D Optical Phased Arrays for Laser Beam Steering Based on 3D Polymer Photonic Integrated Circuits

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Adam Raptakis ◽  
Lefteris Gounaridis ◽  
Madeleine Weigel ◽  
Moritz Kleinert ◽  
Michalis Georgiopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Laser Beam ◽  
Phased Arrays ◽  
Photonic Integrated Circuits ◽  
Beam Steering ◽  
Optical Phased Arrays

scholarly journals Highly integrated optical phased arrays: photonic integrated circuits for optical beam shaping and beam steering

Nanophotonics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martijn J.R. Heck
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Free Space ◽  
Phased Arrays ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Beam Steering ◽  
Optical Systems ◽  
Video Frame ◽  
Amplitude Control ◽  
Optical Phased Arrays

AbstractTechnologies for efficient generation and fast scanning of narrow free-space laser beams find major applications in three-dimensional (3D) imaging and mapping, like Lidar for remote sensing and navigation, and secure free-space optical communications. The ultimate goal for such a system is to reduce its size, weight, and power consumption, so that it can be mounted on, e.g. drones and autonomous cars. Moreover, beam scanning should ideally be done at video frame rates, something that is beyond the capabilities of current opto-mechanical systems. Photonic integrated circuit (PIC) technology holds the promise of achieving low-cost, compact, robust and energy-efficient complex optical systems. PICs integrate, for example, lasers, modulators, detectors, and filters on a single piece of semiconductor, typically silicon or indium phosphide, much like electronic integrated circuits. This technology is maturing fast, driven by high-bandwidth communications applications, and mature fabrication facilities. State-of-the-art commercial PICs integrate hundreds of elements, and the integration of thousands of elements has been shown in the laboratory. Over the last few years, there has been a considerable research effort to integrate beam steering systems on a PIC, and various beam steering demonstrators based on optical phased arrays have been realized. Arrays of up to thousands of coherent emitters, including their phase and amplitude control, have been integrated, and various applications have been explored. In this review paper, I will present an overview of the state of the art of this technology and its opportunities, illustrated by recent breakthroughs.

scholarly journals Serpentine optical phased arrays for scalable integrated photonic lidar beam steering

Optica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Dostart ◽  
Bohan Zhang ◽  
Anatol Khilo ◽  
Michael Brand ◽  
Kenaish Al Qubaisi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phased Arrays ◽  
Beam Steering ◽  
Optical Phased Arrays

Optimization of electro-optic phase shifters for integrated optical phased arrays

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwayne D. Macik ◽  
Tyler E. Bravo ◽  
Seeley M. Pentecost ◽  
Francisco A. Espinal ◽  
Christi K. Madsen
Keyword(s):  
Phased Arrays ◽  
Phase Shifters ◽  
Electro Optic ◽  
Integrated Optical ◽  
Optical Phased Arrays

Optical beam steering using surface micromachined gratings and optical phased arrays

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Burns ◽  
Victor M. Bright ◽  
Steven C. Gustafson ◽  
Edward A. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Phased Arrays ◽  
Beam Steering ◽  
Optical Beam ◽  
Optical Phased Arrays

scholarly journals Sidelobe-Free Beam-Steering using Optical Phased Arrays for Neural Probes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fu-Der Chen ◽  
Youngho Jung ◽  
Tianyuan Xue ◽  
Jason C. C. Mak ◽  
Xianshu Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phased Arrays ◽  
Beam Steering ◽  
Neural Probes ◽  
Optical Phased Arrays ◽  
Free Beam

scholarly journals A Beam Broadening Method for Phased Arrays in Wireless Communications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corentin Fonteneau ◽  
Matthieu Crussière ◽  
Bruno Jahan
Keyword(s):  
Antenna Arrays ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Beam Width ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Phase Shifters ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Steering Angle ◽  
Quadratic Phase ◽  
Communication Links ◽  
Beam Broadening

Abstract 5G and IEEE 802.11ay introduce the use of the millimeter band as one promising solution to provide broadband wireless communication at multi-Gb/s user data rate. Due to the severe path-loss at such frequencies, it is generally assumed that large antenna arrays are used at the base station to steer narrow beams and build highly directionnal communication links towards the terminal points. However, broader and less directional beams are also of high interest in some of the steps involved in the establishment or the maintenance of the communication links. Indeed, search of a large area by narrow beams becomes too time consuming and link outage becomes more critical, thus affecting the latency and the robustness of the communications. A method enabling an adaptation of the beam widths is then worthwhile to consider. In this article, we investigate how narrow beams naturally produced by large antenna arrays can be broadened to adapt the beam width to a desired angular sector. We consider that the multi-antenna processing is performed by phase shifters on the radio-frequency stage since its digital counterpart is hardly feasible in practice at such high frequencies. The main idea of our systematic phase-only beam broadening technique relies on the determination of a quadratic phase excitation law from a desired beam width and steering angle. We first lead a thorough analysis of the radiation behavior regarding the coefficients of such quadratic excitation. We then propose a calculation method for determining the polynomial coefficients as a function of the desired beam width and steering angle. This non-iterative beam broadening method is described for boresight and non-boresight directions and is intended for discrete antenna arrays.

scholarly journals High-speed programmable photonic circuits in a cryogenically compatible, visible–near-infrared 200 mm CMOS architecture

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Dong ◽  
Genevieve Clark ◽  
Andrew J. Leenheer ◽  
Matthew Zimmermann ◽  
Daniel Dominguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Photonic Integrated Circuits ◽  
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Phase Shifters ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor

AbstractRecent advances in photonic integrated circuits have enabled a new generation of programmable Mach–Zehnder meshes (MZMs) realized by using cascaded Mach–Zehnder interferometers capable of universal linear-optical transformations on N input/output optical modes. MZMs serve critical functions in photonic quantum information processing, quantum-enhanced sensor networks, machine learning and other applications. However, MZM implementations reported to date rely on thermo-optic phase shifters, which limit applications due to slow response times and high power consumption. Here we introduce a large-scale MZM platform made in a 200 mm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor foundry, which uses aluminium nitride piezo-optomechanical actuators coupled to silicon nitride waveguides, enabling low-loss propagation with phase modulation at greater than 100 MHz in the visible–near-infrared wavelengths. Moreover, the vanishingly low hold-power consumption of the piezo-actuators enables these photonic integrated circuits to operate at cryogenic temperatures, paving the way for a fully integrated device architecture for a range of quantum applications.

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