scholarly journals On Error Probability of CRC/Polar Codes with List Decoding

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumud Altmayer ◽  
Stephen G. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Error Probability ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Polar Codes ◽  
List Decoding ◽  
List Size ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Successive Decoding ◽  
Awgn Channel ◽  
Rate Coding

<p>In this work the study has been done on the performance pertaining to the binary antipodal AWGN channel for rate ½ coding approaches, with short and medium blocklengths. This work emphasizes on the contributions of various events leading to block error and their dependence on signal-to-noise ratio, decoder list size, CRC length, if any, and the role of list sorting. Furthermore, this work generalizes to variations, including Reed-Muller/Polar codes that follow the polarization and the method of successive decoding.<br></p>

scholarly journals On Error Probability of CRC/Polar Codes with List Decoding

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumud Altmayer ◽  
Stephen G. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Error Probability ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Polar Codes ◽  
List Decoding ◽  
List Size ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Successive Decoding ◽  
Awgn Channel ◽  
Rate Coding

<p>In this work the study has been done on the performance pertaining to the binary antipodal AWGN channel for rate ½ coding approaches, with short and medium blocklengths. This work emphasizes on the contributions of various events leading to block error and their dependence on signal-to-noise ratio, decoder list size, CRC length, if any, and the role of list sorting. Furthermore, this work generalizes to variations, including Reed-Muller/Polar codes that follow the polarization and the method of successive decoding.<br></p>

scholarly journals Discovery of allenyl acetylene, H2CCCHCCH, in TMC-1

2021 ◽  
Vol 647 ◽  
pp. L3 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Cernicharo ◽  
C. Cabezas ◽  
M. Agúndez ◽  
B. Tercero ◽  
N. Marcelino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Column Density ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Rotational Temperature ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Chemical Models ◽  
Upper Limit

We present the discovery in TMC-1 of allenyl acetylene, H2CCCHCCH, through the observation of nineteen lines with a signal-to-noise ratio ∼4–15. For this species, we derived a rotational temperature of 7 ± 1 K and a column density of 1.2 ± 0.2 × 1013 cm−2. The other well known isomer of this molecule, methyl diacetylene (CH3C4H), has also been observed and we derived a similar rotational temperature, Tr = 7.0 ± 0.3 K, and a column density for its two states (A and E) of 6.5 ± 0.3 × 1012 cm−2. Hence, allenyl acetylene and methyl diacetylene have a similar abundance. Remarkably, their abundances are close to that of vinyl acetylene (CH2CHCCH). We also searched for the other isomer of C5H4, HCCCH2CCH (1.4-Pentadiyne), but only a 3σ upper limit of 2.5 × 1012 cm−2 to the column density can be established. These results have been compared to state-of-the-art chemical models for TMC-1, indicating the important role of these hydrocarbons in its chemistry. The rotational parameters of allenyl acetylene have been improved by fitting the existing laboratory data together with the frequencies of the transitions observed in TMC-1.

The role of phosphodiesterase in aggregation of Dictyostelium discoideum

1978 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-243
Author(s):  
M. Darmon ◽  
J. Barra ◽  
P. Brachet
Keyword(s):  
Dictyostelium Discoideum ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Extracellular Medium ◽  
Camp Phosphodiesterase ◽  
Cellular Slime Mould ◽  
Cellular Slime ◽  
Mutant Cells

The role of cAMP phosphodiesterase in the cAMP-mediated aggregation of the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum was investigated with a morphogenetic mutant defective in phosphodiesterase production. Mutant cells become capable of aggregating normally when incubated in the presence of exogenous phosphodiesterase isolated from Idictyostelium or rat brain. Direct contact between enzyme and the cell membrane is not required for this phenotypic suppression. The aggregateless character of this strain presumably results from an over-accumulation of cAMP in the extracellular medium since aggregation can be induced in the absence of added phosphodiesterase under conditions facilitating diffusion of the nucleotide. This suggests that phosphodiesterase is not involved in the generation or recognition of cAMP signals, but that the enzyme is essential in the control of the cAMP signal-to-noise ratio.

scholarly journals Energetic and Informational Components of Speech-on-Speech Masking in Binaural Speech Intelligibility and Perceived Listening Effort

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 233121651985459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Rennies ◽  
Virginia Best ◽  
Elin Roverud ◽  
Gerald Kidd
Keyword(s):  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Spatial Separation ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Listening Effort ◽  
Complex Sound ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Sound Fields ◽  
Energetic Masking

Speech perception in complex sound fields can greatly benefit from different unmasking cues to segregate the target from interfering voices. This study investigated the role of three unmasking cues (spatial separation, gender differences, and masker time reversal) on speech intelligibility and perceived listening effort in normal-hearing listeners. Speech intelligibility and categorically scaled listening effort were measured for a female target talker masked by two competing talkers with no unmasking cues or one to three unmasking cues. In addition to natural stimuli, all measurements were also conducted with glimpsed speech—which was created by removing the time–frequency tiles of the speech mixture in which the maskers dominated the mixture—to estimate the relative amounts of informational and energetic masking as well as the effort associated with source segregation. The results showed that all unmasking cues as well as glimpsing improved intelligibility and reduced listening effort and that providing more than one cue was beneficial in overcoming informational masking. The reduction in listening effort due to glimpsing corresponded to increases in signal-to-noise ratio of 8 to 18 dB, indicating that a significant amount of listening effort was devoted to segregating the target from the maskers. Furthermore, the benefit in listening effort for all unmasking cues extended well into the range of positive signal-to-noise ratios at which speech intelligibility was at ceiling, suggesting that listening effort is a useful tool for evaluating speech-on-speech masking conditions at typical conversational levels.

scholarly journals Morphogenesis guided by 3D patterning of growth factors in biological matrices

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Broguiere ◽  
Ines Lüchtefeld ◽  
Lucca Traschel ◽  
Dmitry Mazunin ◽  
Jeffrey Bode ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Extracellular Matrices ◽  
Sortase A ◽  
Specific Interactions ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Complex Signaling

AbstractThree-dimensional (3D) control over the placement of bioactive cues is fundamental to understand cell guidance and develop engineered tissues. Two-photon patterning (2PP) provides such placement at micro- to millimeter scale, but non-specific interactions between proteins and functionalized extracellular matrices (ECMs) restrict its use. Here we report a 2PP system based on non-fouling hydrophilic photocages and Sortase A-based enzymatic coupling offering unprecedented orthogonality and signal-to-noise ratio in both inert hydrogels and complex mammalian matrices. Improved photocaged peptide synthesis, and protein functionalization protocols with broad applicability are introduced. Importantly, the method enables 2PP in a single step and in the presence of fragile biomolecules and cells. As a corollary, we demonstrate the guidance of axons through 3D-patterned nerve growth factor (NGF) within brain-mimetic ECMs. Our approach allows for the interrogation of the role of complex signaling molecules in 3D matrices, thus helping to better understand biological guidance in tissue development and regeneration.

scholarly journals Joint use of frequency-time division and antinoise coding in radio communication systems with FHSS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 77-84
Author(s):  
A. A. Paramonov ◽  
Van Zung Hoang
Keyword(s):  
Data Transmission ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Error Probability ◽  
Noise Immunity ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Frequency Division ◽  
Radio Communication ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Time Division

In the context of continuous improvement of radio prospecting and active radio jamming technics along with introduction of automated active countermeasures systems (ACS), the frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) radio communication systems (RCS) are widely used in order to improve reliability and noise immunity of data transmission. The noise immunity of the RCS affected by unintentional or deliberate interference can be significantly perfected by the combined use of frequency-time division and antinoise coding. This paper explores the case when the interference created by an ACS system with a limited transmitter power covers a part of the RCS frequency range. The receiver gets input mix of the wanted signal, the receiver noise, and probably a deliberate interference also considered as a noise. The article analyzes the noise immunity of signals reception with FHSS in the low-speed radio systems with joint use of frequency-time division of information subsymbols and noise combating codes when the deliberate interference destructively impacts a part of the RCS working band. Dependence of the bit error probability on the signal-to-noise ratio is calculated for the joint use of frequency division of information subsymbols and noise combating codes. It is shown that due to effective use of the frequency-energy resource of a radio line, considering the use of correction codes, a quite high noise immunity of RCS under the influence of deliberate interference can be assured. The indicated dependences of the error probability on the signal-to-noise ratio confirm that the reliability of data transmission can be significantly increased by the proper combination of signal spectrum spreading, applying of correction codes, and frequency division of subsymbols followed by their weight processing.

scholarly journals Foraging Behavior of the Blue Morpho and Other Tropical Butterflies: The Chemical and Electrophysiological Basis of Olfactory Preferences and the Role of Color

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Sourakov ◽  
Adrian Duehl ◽  
Andrei Sourakov
Keyword(s):  
Butyl Acetate ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Ethyl Butanoate ◽  
Electrophysiological Responses ◽  
Aliphatic Esters ◽  
Olfactory Preferences ◽  
Odor Attraction

Inside a live butterfly exhibit, we conducted bioassays to determine whether the presence of color would facilitate the location of attractants by the butterflies. It was found that color facilitated odor attraction in some species that feed on flowers (Parthenos silvia, Heraclides thoas, Dryas julia, andIdea leuconoe), but not in the exclusively fruit-feeding species, such asMorpho helenor, hence demonstrating that species with different natural diets use different foraging cues. Green, ripe, and fermented bananas were evaluated for their attractiveness to butterflies together with honey and mangoes. The fermented bananas were determined to be the most attractive bait, and the electrophysiological responses to their volatiles were studied inMorpho helenorandCaligo telamonius. During GC-EAD evaluation, fifteen different aliphatic esters, such as isobutyl isobutyrate, butyl acetate, ethyl butanoate, and butyl butanoate (both fermentation products and fruit semiochemicals) were shown to be detected by the butterflies’ sensory apparatus located in the forelegs, midlegs, proboscis, labial palpi, and antennae. Legs, proboscis, and antennae ofMorpho helenorandCaligo telamoniusshowed similar sensitivity, reacting to 11 chemicals, while labial palpi had a lower signal-to-noise ratio and responded to seven chemicals, only three of which produced responses in other organs.

Ion-chromatographic determination of L-tartrate in urine samples

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mlchele Petrarulo ◽  
Martino Marangella ◽  
Omalla Bianco ◽  
Franco Linari
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Dicarboxylic Acids ◽  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Analytical Recovery

Abstract We propose using ion chromatography to determine tartrate concentration in urine. A 100-microL sample of urine is diluted and injected into the chromatograph. Tartrate is eluted within 11.5 min as a distinct and well-resolved peak. The sensitivity of the standard procedure (signal-to-noise ratio, 3/1) is 30 mumol/L. The intra-run and interrun coefficients of variation are 2.5% and 4.1%, respectively. Mean analytical recovery of known amounts of added tartrate ranges between 94.2% and 104.0%. We investigated the specificity of the procedure by analyzing urine containing added dicarboxylic acids structurally related to tartrate. The reliability of the procedure makes it suitable for investigating tartrate metabolism, e.g., the potential role of tartrate as an inhibitor of crystallization in calcium nephrolithiasis.

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