The development of models of an analytical data processing system for monitoring information security of an informatization object using cloud infrastructure

The article is devoted to the problem of developing an analytical data processing system for monitoring information security within the information security management system of modern companies conducting their main activities in cyberspace and using cloud infrastructure. Based on the analysis of modern information technologies related to ensuring information security of cloud infrastructure and the most popular products for ensuring information security of cloud infrastructures, as well as existing scientific approaches, a formalized approach to the synthesis of an analytical data processing system for monitoring the information security of an informatization object using cloud infrastructure is proposed. This approach takes into account the usefulness of the used information technologies from the viewpoint of information security. A general model of the structure of information support of an analytical data processing system for monitoring information security, as well as a model of the dependence of the usefulness of information technology on time and the ratio of the skill level of an information security specialist and an attacker are presented. The quality of the information security monitoring system is used as a criterion in the first optimization model. The following limitations are suggested: limitation on the time of making a decision on an incident; limitation on the degree of quality of analysis of information security events by the analytical data processing system and limitation on the compatibility of data analysis functions with data types about information security events. The cited results of the study of the second model show a logically consistent dependence of the usefulness of information technology on time and the ratio of the skill level of an information security specialist to the skill level of an attacker. The particular models of the structure of the information support of ASOD are presented. They make it possible to determine the rational structure information support of ASOD according to particular criteria. The following particular criteria are used: the maximin criterion of the usefulness of the information support of ASOD for monitoring the information security of an informatization object in the cloud infrastructure; the criterion for the maximum relevance of information support distributed over the nodes of the cloud infrastructure for systems with a low degree of centralization of management.

Optimal nonlinear filtering of M-PSK signals against a background of harmonic interference with a random initial phase

Objectives. The widespread use of radio data transmission systems using signals with multiposition phase shift keying (MPSK) is due to their high noise immunity and the simplicity of constructing the transmitting and receiving parts of the equipment. The conducted studies have shown that the presence of non-fluctuation interference, in particular, harmonic interference, in the radio channel significantly reduces the noise immunity of receiving discrete information. The energy loss in this case, depending on the interference intensity, can range from fractions of dB to 10 db or more. Therefore, interference suppression is an important task for such radio systems. The aim of the work is to synthesize and analyze an algorithm for optimal nonlinear filtering of MPSK signals against a background of harmonic interference with a random initial phase.Methods. The provisions of the theory of optimal nonlinear signal filtering and methods of statistical radio engineering are used.Results. The synthesis and analysis of the algorithm of optimal nonlinear filtering of MPSK signals against the background of harmonic interference with a random initial phase are carried out. The synthesized receiver contains a discrete symbol evaluation unit, two phase-locked frequency circuits of reference generators that form evaluation copies of the signal and interference, and cross-links between them. Analytical expressions are obtained that allow calculating the dependences of the bit error probability on the signal-to-noise ratio and the interference intensity µ. It is established that uncompensated fluctuations of the initial phase of the useful signal have a greater effect on the receiver noise immunity than similar fluctuations of the phase of harmonic interference, especially with low positional signals.Conclusions. Comparison of the obtained results with the results obtained in the case when there are no harmonic interference compensation circuits shows that the use of the obtained phase filtering algorithms allows for almost complete suppression of harmonic interference. Thus, if µ = 0.5 and the probability of error is 10−2, the energy gain at M = 2 is about 2.5 dB, at M = 4 – about 6 dB, at M = 8 and M = 16 – at least 10 dB.

Development of an information measuring and control system for a quadrocopter

The article deals with the issues of synthesis and analysis of information-measuring and control systems of quadrocopters. The main sensors and modules used to determine the parameters of the coordinates of quadrocopters are given. The speed-controlled electric drives used for control and the features of their choice are considered. The coordinate systems (fixed and mobile) and the kinematic scheme are given, according to which a system of differential equations is presented. The system describes the dynamics of the quadrocopter movement and takes into account the expected smooth movement of the quadrocopter with small roll and pitch angles. A functional scheme and a mathematical model of the information-measuring and control system of the quadrocopter in the form of a block diagram are developed taking into account the influence of delays in the receipt of information from the sensors of the quadrocopter parameters. A special feature of this work is to take into account the specific characteristics of the elements: adjustable electric drives (both direct and alternating current), parameter sensors (barometers, accelerometers, rangefinders, etc.). The paper studies an illustrative algorithm for the operation of the informationmeasuring and control system of the quadcopter. The type and parameters of the controllers of the quadrocopter control systems are determined. Special attention is paid to the settings for the control contours at the corresponding coordinates. The influence of the controllers of the coordinate control systems of the information-measuring and control systems of the quadrocopter on the effects of the interaction of coordinates is considered. The simulation results are presented. The optimal number of control loops for the coordinates of the information-measuring and control systems of the quadrocopter and the optimal type of settings for obtaining smooth transients (without overshoot) and for excluding the interaction of coordinates on quality indicators are determined.

Comparative analysis of software optimization methods in context of branch predication on GPUs

General Purpose computing for Graphical Processing Units (GPGPU) technology is a powerful tool for offloading parallel data processing tasks to Graphical Processing Units (GPUs). This technology finds its use in variety of domains – from science and commerce to hobbyists. GPU-run general-purpose programs will inevitably run into performance issues stemming from code branch predication. Code predication is a GPU feature that makes both conditional branches execute, masking the results of incorrect branch. This leads to considerable performance losses for GPU programs that have large amounts of code hidden away behind conditional operators. This paper focuses on the analysis of existing approaches to improving software performance in the context of relieving the aforementioned performance loss. Description of said approaches is provided, along with their upsides, downsides and extents of their applicability and whether they address the outlined problem. Covered approaches include: optimizing compilers, JIT-compilation, branch predictor, speculative execution, adaptive optimization, run-time algorithm specialization, profile-guided optimization. It is shown that the aforementioned methods are mostly catered to CPU-specific issues and are generally not applicable, as far as branch-predication performance loss is concerned. Lastly, we outline the need for a separate performance improving approach, addressing specifics of branch predication and GPGPU workflow.

A discussion of S.M. Krylov’s book «Neocybernetics» (2008)

A comparative analysis of the “general formal technology (GFT)” by S. M. Krylov is carried out in the context of the published book of the authors “General Theory of Technologies and Microelectronics” (2020) and on the basis of his work of 2008. Despite the abstractness of the algebraic-algorithmic approach, Krylov offers a number of specific constructions that are in demand during the fourth industrial revolution and for the future development of industrial technology in nanoelectronics and biotechnology. Industrial technology is considered as a complex object of management, i.e., it is the object of study of the new discipline «neocybernetics». Although the foundations of this approach were laid in 1930s–1960s within the framework of logical and mathematical research, its expansion is inevitable when using self-organization processes to obtain functional supramolecular structures in technological processes of nanoelectronics (for example, DNA origami engineering). The issues of complexity quantification for a product itself (structure) and its manufacturing technology, or, according to Krylov, the complexity of technological automata, have become even more relevant than before. The theoretical issues of self-organization, the development of artificial life, and the creation of self-replicating technical systems also seem promising for solution. In our opinion, Krylov’s formal technology is an important “block” in the advancement of general theory of technologies (GTT) useful for describing the technology at the levels: operation, route, and process. We would like to encourage a wide range of readers to study the book and form a steady interest in general technological issues. The value of GTT and GFT extends beyond the sphere of technology and, in a narrow sense, factory production, but also into the area of «fine» regulation of physiology in biological objects and pharmacy, as well as into the problem field of cognitive sciences, psychology, and education. when the focus is on the personality structure and heterogeneous constructs «floating in the sea of the unconscious». Both S.M. Krylov and we demonstrate that the issues of industrial technology cannot be considered without abstract formalization and without reference to philosophy.

Very high frequency radio receiver preselector design

Objectives. The quality of a radio receiver preselector largely determines its main characteristics, including sensitivity. A preselector usually consists of linear elements: inductors, capacitors, low noise amplifiers, and switches. At high frequencies, the components cannot be considered as ideal ones, since active and reactive parasitic parameters significantly affect the frequency response of the components and, as a consequence, the network. Therefore, simulation of the networks requires more sophisticated component models, which take into account parasitic parameters. However, if refined components models are applied, it is still possible to obtain unsatisfactory results, since interconnections and footprints pads also affect the frequency response. This is true even if short lines with a length of about 5 mm are used at frequencies of about 100 MHz. These features must be taken into account for RF network design. The purpose of the work is to ensure the required characteristics of the preselector in the design process based on computer simulation.Methods. Egor Gurov’s methodology for analog VHF LC-filters was applied to radio receiver preselector design. The methodology contains the methods of discrete optimization, Monte-Carlo method, momentum analysis with Green’s functions. Experimental results were obtained by prototype implementation and measurement with a vector network analyzer. The purpose of the work is to ensure the required preselector characteristics in the design process based on computer simulation.Results. The article presents the preselector design process. The preselector contains two analog switches, an analog band-pass filter, an analog high-pass filter, and a low-noise amplifier. Simulation and experimental results with their comparison are presented in the article.Conclusions. Satisfactory results were obtained. It means that Egor Gurov’s method can be applied for more complex networks design such as radio receiver preselectors.

Method for assessing testing difficulty in educational sphere

The problem of testing in education is relevant for many countries. Testing solves three problems. The first task is to assess the quality of current training. The second task is to conduct a comparative analysis of learning outcomes. The third task is the management of the educational process in a particular educational institution and in the education sector. This determines the relevance of testing and the relevance of developing new methods for assessing test results. The article proposes a new method for assessing test results for different situations: “teacher– student”, computer test, virtual testing model, test on a mixed reality model and others. To solve the problem, a special quasi-sigmoidal function is introduced. It is analogous to the logistic function, but takes into account the peculiarities of real testing of students. The logistic function ranges from minus infinity to plus infinity. There are no negative assessments in education. The introduced function lies only in the positive range of the argument. It describes actual positive scores when testing students. The authors called this function the complexity function. With its help, the complexity of the subject is assessed according to the test results. To substantiate the method, the function of the logarithms of the odds, logistic regression and the resulting Rush method are investigated. The article notes two shortcomings of the Rush method. The testing principle has been defined for the new function, which is used to estimate complexity. The article introduces two new concepts: the test difficulty function and the integral test score. Integral assessment of testing is a smooth function and makes it possible to go from a stepwise dependence to a continuous one. The cumulative test score translates the point test results into a continuous function and creates a correlation between the scores. The results of an experiment with the participation of RTU MIREA students are presented. The experimental results are analyzed. The possibility of using the method in educational processes is shown. The method is an alternative to the Rush method.

The method of increasing the information content of microfocus X-ray images

A method for processing microfocus X-ray images is described. It is based on high-frequency filtration and morphological image processing, which increases the contrast of the X-ray details. One of the most informative X-ray techniques is microfocus X-ray. In some cases, microfocus X-ray images cannot be reliably analyzed due to the peculiarities of the shooting method. So, the main disadvantages of microfocus X-ray images are most often an uneven background, distorted brightness characteristics and the presence of noise. The proposed method for enhancing the contrast of fine image details is based on the idea of combining high-frequency filtering and morphological image processing. The method consists of the following steps: noise suppression in the image, high-frequency filtering, morphological image processing, obtaining the resulting image. As a result of applying the method, the brightness of the contours in the image is enhanced. In the resulting image, all objects will have double outlines. The method was tested in the processing of 50 chest radiographs of patients with various pathologies. Radiographs were performed at the Mariinsky Hospital of St. Petersburg using digital stationary and mobile X-ray machines. In most of the radiographs, it was possible to improve the images contrast, to highlight the objects boundaries. Besides, the method was applied in microfocus X-ray tomography to improve the information content of projection data and improve the reconstruction of the 3D image of the research object. In both the first and second cases, the method showed satisfactory results. The developed method makes it possible to significantly increase the information content of microfocus X-ray images. The obtained practical results make it possible to count on broad prospects for the method application, especially in microfocus X-ray.

Analysis and evaluation of the effectiveness of methods for ensuring the quality of service for software-defined networks of the standard 5G/IMT-2020

The quality of service (QoS) in networking is the process of managing network resources to reduce packet loss and to lower network jitter and latency. QoS has been widely used in traditional network and can also be implemented in the 5G standard based on a software-defined network (SDN). A traditional network carries several challenges, such as vendor dependency, the complexity of managing a large network, dynamically changing forwarding policies, and more. Software-defined networking is a new networking strategy designed to address the challenges of a traditional IP network, such as high levels of complexity and inability to adapt to the new quality of service requirements in a timely manner. The fundamental idea behind SDNs compared to the conventional networking paradigm is the creation of horizontally integrated systems through the separation of the control and the data plane while providing an increasingly sophisticated set of abstractions. Recently, various SDN-enabled QoS frameworks have emerged that offer many possibilities for network reconfiguration and high-level definition of policies. QoS requirements for 5G networks have been defined on the basis of three main categories of use cases: extreme mobile broadband (xMBB), massive machine type communications (mMTC) IoT/M2M devices, and highly reliable М2М-communication (ultra-reliable machine-type communications – uMTC). This paper analyzes and surveys the QoS based on the openflow protocol method and QoS based on open-source SDN controllers method in 5G network. In addition, we discuss various architectural issues of open-source SDN controllers network and examine their impact on the QoS. Furthermore, we outline the characteristics of the QoS parameters such as latency, availability, reliability, jitter, and bandwidth in the 5G network. Finally, the article discusses and compares parameters of the QoS in 5G determined by world’s leaders in 5G technology.

Towards a model of chain-by-chain magnetization of a granular medium: a variant of magnetic diagnostics of chains of spheres

In addition to information on the magnetic parameters of inhomogeneous magnetics, in particular, granular magnetics usually studied within the framework of the quasi-continuous medium model, it is of no less interest to obtain information from the standpoint of the model, when the object of study is the characteristic elements of an inhomogeneous magnetic. According to the well-proven model of selective magnetization of a granular medium, the elements that make up this medium are chains of granules – straight and sinuous, always manifesting themselves in the direction of its magnetization. They perform the function of conductor channels of the generated magnetic flux through the granular medium. As a result, it is a kind of branched «bundle» of conductor channels. For any of the chains of granules, for example, granules-balls of radius R, conceptually significant are the magnetic parameters of its conditional cores with radius r ≤ R, and these parameters, first of all, the magnetic permeability of quasi-continuous cores and magnetic induction in them, for different (in r) cores are variable, which requires appropriate magnetic diagnostics. To clarify the magnetic parameters of the conditional cores of a chain of granules-balls, as a physically self-sufficient element of a granular medium (i.e., in accordance with the model of chain-link magnetization of such a medium), it is practical to make measuring magnetic flux sensors in the core as circular sensors surrounding the contact point of granules-balls, however, not as traditional wire loops, but as circuits on thin printed circuit boards (with mounting holes) placed between adjacent balls. Based on the obtained data of the magnetic flux in cores of different radii r (r/R = 0.2–0.9) of a chain of spheres with a radius of R = 20 mm, the values of the magnetic induction B in them, as well as their magnetic permeability μ, were determined when the chain is magnetized in the solenoid by a field of strength from 4.8 to 54.5 kA/m. It is shown that with formal thickening of the cores, the values of B and μ decrease due to a decrease in the volume of the ferromagnet in the core, and for the limiting core (r/R → 1), i.e., for the chain as a whole, they correspond to the values of B and μ for a poly-ball backfill medium.