INTERACTION OF THE SYMBIOTIC MICROBIOTA OF THE GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT WITH THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE HOST ORGANISM

2019 ◽  
pp. 90-100
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Distal Part ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Gi Symptoms ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Symbiotic Microbiota

Symbiotic microorganisms inhabit a wide variety of niches in the human organism. Of paramount importance is the microbiota of the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract, especially of its distal part (the colon). Bidirectional signal exchange proceeds within the microbiota-host system, and diverse microbial metabolites modify the functions of the nervous system via metabolic, genetic, and neuroendocrine pathways. Increasing attention is currently given to the role of the GI microbiota in terms of the host's physical and mental health; therefore, it has been suggested to replace the widely used term gut-brain axis with the new term microbiota-gut-brain axis. The GI microbiota directly interacts with the enteric nervous system (ENS) that represents a partly autonomous subdivision of the nervous system. An important role is also played by the GI tract-innervating vagus nerve. In addition, the influence of the microbiota on the nervous system can be mediated by the immune system. The microbiota impact on the nervous system of the host results in significant alterations in the host's behavior, mood, and even taste. In the literature, there is evidence that neurological and psychological diseases are linked to microecological disorders (dysbioses) in the GI tract. In particular, dysbioses with manifest GI symptoms are often accompanied by serious brain problems.

scholarly journals INTERACTION OF THE SYMBIOTIC MICROBIOTA OF THE GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT WITH THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE HOST ORGANISM

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-100
Author(s):  
A V Oleskin
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Distal Part ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Gi Symptoms ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Symbiotic Microbiota

Symbiotic microorganisms inhabit a wide variety of niches in the human organism. Of paramount importance is the microbiota of the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract, especially of its distal part (the colon). Bidirectional signal exchange proceeds within the microbiota-host system, and diverse microbial metabolites modify the functions of the nervous system via metabolic, genetic, and neuroendocrine pathways. Increasing attention is currently given to the role of the GI microbiota in terms of the host's physical and mental health; therefore, it has been suggested to replace the widely used term gut-brain axis with the new term microbiota-gut-brain axis. The GI microbiota directly interacts with the enteric nervous system (ENS) that represents a partly autonomous subdivision of the nervous system. An important role is also played by the GI tract-innervating vagus nerve. In addition, the influence of the microbiota on the nervous system can be mediated by the immune system. The microbiota impact on the nervous system of the host results in significant alterations in the host's behavior, mood, and even taste. In the literature, there is evidence that neurological and psychological diseases are linked to microecological disorders (dysbioses) in the GI tract. In particular, dysbioses with manifest GI symptoms are often accompanied by serious brain problems.

scholarly journals Gut microbiota: friend or foe

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 322
Author(s):  
Ansh Chaudhary ◽  
Shubhi Shubhangi Bhatnagar ◽  
Meghna Prashant Nair ◽  
Bhupendra Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Disease Etiology ◽  
System Protection ◽  
Complex Ecosystem ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

Comprising of trillions of various bacteria, protozoan, fungi and viruses, the gut microbiota live in human body as a super complex ecosystem mostly in gastro intestinal tract (70%). Apart from GI tract they also inhabit skin, mouth and sexual organs as an essential ecological community of commensal, symbiotic or even pathogenic relationship. These microbiota interplay with bodily immune, endocrinal, metabolic and nervous system and produces various pathological changes responsible for disease etiology. These microbiota play a major role in digestion and absorption of macro molecules, maturation of immune system, protection of gut and behavioural development of an individual. In gut disorders like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) the altered brain axis is responsible for disorders like depression, anxiety, schizoaffective disorders, autistic spectrum disorders, multiple sclerosis and parkinson’s disease. 

scholarly journals The role of endoscopic ultrasound(EUS) in differential diagnosis of subepithelial oesophago-gastric lesions

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Krstic ◽  
Predrag Pesko ◽  
A.R. Pavlovic ◽  
D. Tomic ◽  
M. Micev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Muscularis Propria ◽  
Outer Margin ◽  
Stromal Tumor ◽  
Upper Endoscopy ◽  
Gastric Lesions ◽  
Muscularis Mucosae ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

Background: Endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS) allows high-resolution demonstration of the entire gut wall. The aim of the study was to clarify the usefulness of the EUS in differential diagnosis of upper gastro-intestinal subepithelail lesions(SEL). Methods: From September 1998- March 2005, EUS was performed in 1600 patients. Among them, in 206pts (13%), this examination was carried out due to previous upper endoscopy, which revealed the suspicion to SEL or extraluminal compression. We studied the location, the size, echo pattern and originating layer of SEL. The results were compared with CT, angiography and operation with histology when possible. All EUS examinations were performed using Olympus GIF-130 videoecho-endoscope with 7,5/12MHz switch able radial probe. Results: EUS accuracy in separating intramural masses from extraluminal compression was 96 %( 44/46). Among 160 pts with true SEL, in 95(59, 3%), EUS revealed the existence of a stromal tumor arising from muscularis propria (92) or muscularis mucosae (3). The size of the tumor varied from 5-75mm; depth: 8- 40mm. 33 patients were operated on. In 14/16(87%), the EUS diagnosis of benign stromal tumor was confirmed on operation. In 18/19(95%), EUS correctly disclosed the malignant tumor. EUS accuracy in predicting malignancy was 91,5%(32/35). Findings suggestive for malignancy were: size 40mm; inhomogenicity with microcysts and irregular outer margin. In 12 pts, EUS revealed lypoma. Aberrant pancreas was correctly diagnosed in all 22pts. In 16 persons, EUS disclosed submucosal cysts: 6 of them were operated on and EUS diagnosis was confirmed in all. In 10 patients EUS visualized varices. The finding was confirmed on angiography. Conclusion: The EUS appears to be very effective in differential diagnosis of SEL in upper gastro-intestinal tract. Tumor size greater than 40mm, inhomomogenous echo pattern and irregular outer margin are very suggestive for malignancy.

Role of Parotid Amylase in Starch Digestion in the Gastro-intestinal Tracts of Diabetic Rats

1989 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 1366-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kurahashi ◽  
K. Inomata
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Parotid Glands ◽  
Parotid Duct ◽  
Duct Ligation ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

In order for the role of parotid amylase in starch digestion in the gastro-intestinal tracts of diabetic rats to be clarified, this study investigated the effect of parotid-duct ligation on both amylase secretion from the parotid glands and pancreas into the gastro-intestinal tract and on starch digestion in the gastro-intestinal contents during feeding. In both diabetic rats and control rats, parotid-duct ligation reduced amylase activity in both the parotid glands during fasting and in the gastric contents after feeding. The amylase activity in the intestinal contents after feeding was reduced by parotid-duct ligation in the diabetic rats. Starch digestion in the gastro-intestinal tract after feeding was reduced by parotid-duct ligation in the diabetic rats. The results suggest that most of the amylase activity in the gastric contents and a large part of the amylase activity in the intestinal contents are derived from the parotid glands, and that parotid amylase plays an important role in starch digestion in the gastro-intestinal tracts of diabetic rats.

scholarly journals Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like molecules are present in foods, blood and ileal fluids from ileostomy subjects: insight into possible metabolic implications

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Tagliamonte ◽  
Chris I R. Gill ◽  
Laura Kirsty Pourshahidi ◽  
Mary Slevin ◽  
Roger Lawther ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

AbstractThe endocannabinoid system is a lipid signalling system with several regulatory functions throughout the body including regulation of appetite, food intake, macronutrient metabolism, pain sensation, blood pressure, mood, cognition and immunity. It consists of endocannabinoids (ECs), their receptors and enzymes involved in their synthesis and degradation. The two best-characterized endocannabinoids are N-arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). They are ligands of cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 which are located in the central nervous system (CNS) but also in in the enteric nervous system, in the liver and in the adipose tissue.Several structural congeners of ECs including N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) such as oleoylethanolamine (OEA), linoleyethanolamine (LEA), and palmitoyletahanolamine (PEA), show similar mechanisms of action, tissue distribution as well as pathways of formation and breakdown. They are considered “endocannabinoid-like” molecules acting through receptors that are located both in CNS and in the gastro-intestinal tract mucosa such as the G-protein coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). NAEs display EC50 values for human GPR119 and PPAR-α between 65 ng/mL and 1000 ng/mL. Some evidence indicated that NAEs, their phosphorylated precursors N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs) and ECs are also present in food. Thus, we developed a food database of these molecules and we calculated the daily dietary intake in a healthy population.This study aimed to evaluate whether the concentrations of NAPEs, NAEs and ECs in the human intestinal lumen may support their activity through the receptors lining in the gastro-intestinal tract and if they correlated with those in plasma.The observational study (16/NI/0267, Ulster University) involved 35 ileostomists (18F/17M, aged 18–70 y, BMI 17–40 kg/m2) who collected overnight fasting samples of ileal fluid and plasma. The concentrations of NAEs, NAPEs and ECs in biological samples were determined by LC-HRMS.Data showed that NAEs and NAPEs were present in ileal fluids and plasma from all subjects ranging between 46851.0–104742.8 ng/mL and 0.3–59.6 ng/mL in ileal samples and 1159.4–3985.7 ng/mL and 0.19–1.24 ng/mL in plasma, respectively. Contrarily, no ECs in ileal fluids were found except 2-AG in two ileal samples whereas they ranged between 1.6–22.3 ng/mL in plasma. Differences between genders and associations of plasma levels with individual energy intakes were found.Altogether, the data demonstrated that NAEs in the intestinal lumen are sufficient to elicit metabolic responses through the gastro-intestinal receptors.

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