Vitamin A: A Review Article

Vitamin A has important function in the body. Vitamin A is involved in growth, an reproduction. In this paper description, function and deficiency diseases of vitamin A has been delineated here with. Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient for the normal functioning of the visual system, growth and development, immunity and reproduction. Vitamin A is a constituent of visual pigment and maintains epithelium. It protects against some epithelial cancer Vitamin A being a potent antioxidant is required for cell regulation. To combat the deficiency of vitamin A in community, awareness of their importance and their source plays a vital role. Food-based approaches have been reviewed and judged to have a promising role in integrated strategies, but many gaps in knowledge were identified; more well-designed studies on efficacy, effectiveness, cost effectiveness, and sustainability of food-based approaches are needed. The main sources of preformed vitamin A or retinol are liver, whole milk, fish oil and egg. Vitamin A is present in many animal tissues and is readily absorbed from such dietary sources in the terminal small intestine.

Pharmaceutico-analytical study of Praval Bhasma (Coral calax) with two different herbs

Introduction: In the present study, Praval is used as a raw material to form Praval Bhasma. Praval (Coral) is the calcareous skeleton of the minute marine organism called Anthezoa polypus and belongs to phylum coelenterate. It is a natural source of rich calcium widely used in Deepan, Pachan, Amlapitta Raktapitta, Yakshma, Kasa, Netra Roga and Hridaya Roga (1)and Calcium deficiency diseases etc. it is administered in the form of Bhasma and Pishti. Method: Shodhan of Praval is done in Sarjika kshara. The Pravala bhasma is prepared by two different method by triturating it with Kumari Swaras and Guduchi Kashay and incineration in Muffle furnace. physico-chemical tests like Total Ash, Acid Insoluble Ash, Loss on Drying, and Qualitative analysis of praval bhasma by NPST (Namburi Phased Spot Test) are done. Result & conclusion: Praval bhasma prepared by two different medicines shows potency, efficacy for further clinical use.

HYPOTHYROIDISM: MODERN PRINCIPLES OF THERAPY AND PROPHYLAXIS

По уровню и масштабу медико-социальных последствий проблема йододефицитных заболеваний остается очень актуальной во многих странах мира. По данным ВОЗ, около 2 млрд жителей Земли живут в условиях дефицита йода. Значение йода определяется тем, что он является структурным компонентом тиреоидных гормонов, регулирующих жизненно важные функции организма. При недостаточности функции щитовидной железы формируется полный спектр патологических состояний, называемых "йододефицитными заболеваниями". Дефицит йода увеличивает частоту врожденного гипотиреоза, вызывая необратимые нарушения работы головного мозга у плода и новорожденного, что приводит к умственной отсталости (кретинизму, олигофрении). Наиболее распространенными являются эндемический зоб, гипотиреоз, нарушения физического развития, интеллектуальные нарушения. Последнее особенно важно, так как, помимо очевидных форм умственной отсталости, приводит к снижению интеллектуального уровня всего населения, проживающего в зоне йододефицита. В связи с этим йододефицит становится актуальной медико-социальной проблемой, решение которой крайне важно. Для Казахстана решение этой проблемы стоит очень остро, так как более 80% его территории определяет дефицит этих микроэлементов в воде, почве и местной пище. Все это способствовало росту распространенности и тяжести патологии щитовидной железы в популяции. В статье представлены исследования по оценке специфической физиологической активности при гипотериозе тиреоидной системы щитовидной железы при изучении эффективности биологически активных добавок, содержащих йод. In terms of the level and scale of medical and social consequences, the problem of iodine deficiency diseases remains very relevant in many countries of the world. According to the WHO, about 2 billion people on Earth live in conditions of iodine deficiency. The importance of iodine determined by the fact that it a structural component of thyroid hormones that regulate the vital functions of the body. With insufficient thyroid function, a full range of pathological conditions, called "iodine deficiency diseases", formed. Iodine deficiency increases the frequency of congenital hypothyroidism, causing irreversible brain disorders in the fetus and newborn, which leads to mental retardation (cretinism, oligophrenia). The most common are endemic goiter, hypothyroidism, physical development disorders, and intellectual disabilities. The latter is especially important, since, in addition to the obvious forms of mental retardation, it leads to a decrease in the intellectual level of the entire population living in the zone of iodine deficiency. In this regard, iodine deficiency becomes an urgent medical and social problem, the solution of which is extremely important. For Kazakhstan, the solution to this problem is very acute, since more than 80% of its territory determined by the lack of these trace elements in water, soil and local food. All this contributed to an increase in the prevalence and severity of thyroid pathology in the population. The article presents studies on the assessment of specific physiological activity in hypothyroidism of the thyroid system in the study of the effectiveness of dietary supplements containing iodine.

Using Interdigitated Organic Electrochemical Transistors as Electrophysiological and Biochemical Sensors

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have emerged as versatile electrophysiological sensors due to their high transconductance, biocompatibility, and transparent channel material. High maximum transconductances were demonstrated, facilitating extracellular recordings from electrogenic cells. However, this often requires large channel dimensions which impede high transistor densities. To improve the device performance and density, we used interdigitated OECTs (iOECTs), which feature high transconductances with small device areas. Superior device performance was achieved by systematically optimizing the electrode layout regarding channel length, number of electrode digits, and electrode width. Interestingly, the maximum transconductance does not straightforwardly scale with the channel width-to-length ratio, which is different from planar OECTs. We used optimized iOECTs for recording action potentials of cardiomyocyte-like HL-1 cells. Furthermore, we embedded the iOECTs in a matrix of polyimide to achieve flexible and transparent bioelectronic devices. These sensors exhibited electrical characteristics similar to those of solid-substrate devices even after experiencing extremely high bending strain. Finally, we used these devices to detect neurotransmitter dopamine and ATP, which play an important role not only in signal transmission in the central nervous system but also in cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and immune deficiency diseases. Our novel aptasensor possessed ultralow detection limits, which were several orders of magnitude lower than those of the same aptasensors using an amperometric transducer principle. Our results demonstrate that interdigitated OECTs meet two requirements of both electrophysiological and biochemical sensors, namely high device performance and small channel dimensions, and might represent the optimal transducer to integrate these two types of sensors on one chip.

Social and hygienic assessment of the spread of thyroid diseases

Introduction. Iodine deficiency diseases (IDD) are currently one of the most common pathologies of the endocrine system. The development of these diseases in the Primorsky region depends on the sufficient intake of iodine and various factors of exogenous and endogenous nature. The identification and establishment of the contribution of social and hygienic nature factors in the comprehensive impact to the occurrence and development of thyroid diseases, including IDD, is an important area of research. The aim of the study is to obtain information about the social and hygienic factors that influence the occurrence and development of thyroid pathology, including iodine deficiency diseases. Material and methods. Based on statistical data the dynamics in the population prevalence of diseases of the endocrine system in the Primorsky region was analyzed. To identify social and hygienic factors, a survey of 222 patients of the Center of Endocrinology Regional Clinical Hospital No. 2 (Vladivostok) was performed. Statistical processing of the results of the sociological survey was carried out using the Terentyev correlation pleiades method. Results. The development of thyroid pathology, including IDD, is influenced by unfavorable environmental conditions, physical inactivity and stressful situations in the workplace, unfavorable occupational factors including an exposure to noise, dust, radiation from a personal computer, lifestyle factors due to low physical activity, non-compliance with the waking and sleeping regime. More often, thyroid diseases develop in women and people over 50 years of age. The development of IDD is influenced by the observance of the principles of rational nutrition and the presence of certain foods in the diet. The contribution of these factors in the conditions of their combined impact on the human body is established. Conclusion. The identified complex of social and hygienic factors that are important for the occurrence and development of thyroid diseases can be further used to create targeted programs for the prevention of these diseases in the population of the Primorsky region.

Report on Recent Advances in Treatment Options through Vitamins

Vitamins are the essential dietary components that are required in trace amounts by our body for the proper functioning of its biochemical processes and to prevent the deficiency diseases. The case of an infant having epileptic seizures at birth is discussed, which was found to be pyridoxine (vitamin B6) - dependent. It has been discovered through recent researches that vitamin K is involved in the immunology, atherosclerosis, inflammation and bone mineralization. Vitamin C is found to act as an anti-tumor agent when used intravenously in high doses. Recent researches have led us to understand that vitamins have a broader spectrum of functions than they are anticipated to have in our body and can be used to treat much more diseases when used alone, in combination or via different routes or in different concentrations or doses. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(2) 2021 p.234-240

Nutritional status and dietary adequacy amid reproductive aged women in Cumilla, Bangladesh

Dietary patterns are evolving greatly during the last years and various diet and lifestyle related diseases are increasing day by day. The prevalence of double burden of malnutrition and various nutritional deficiency diseases among the reproductive aged women, the most vulnerable group has become a severe concern during the last decades. Therefore, the study focused on the nutritional status of reproductive aged women, their dietary food and nutrient intake and the adequacy of these consumed nutrients as compared to their requirements. A cross-sectional study was conducted among the randomly selected 355 households in Cumilla district in Bangladesh. The results showed that only about 32% of the participants were found having a normal BMI range. The percentage of underweight, overweight and obesity among the participants were 13.3% (95% CI: 10.25, 16.36), 35.8% (95% CI: 31.49, 40.12) and 19.6% (95% CI: 16.04, 23.17) respectively. Dietary protein, carbohydrate, total fat consumption was 11.87%, 65.22% and 18.9% of energy. Consumption of vitamin A, C, D, Folic acid, calcium, sodium, riboflavin and potassium was very poor and found below EAR/AI among the most respondents. Thiamin, zinc, iron, phosphorous intake was satisfactory among the most respondents. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2020, 6(4): 628-634

The use of functional food products for the prevention of vitamin deficiency in people with increased physical and neuropsychic stress on the example of firefighters-rescuers

Deficiency of vitamins and a number of minerals inevitably leads to disturbances in metabolic processes and physiological functions and, as a consequence, to poor health, a decrease in the body’s defenses, and the development of vitamin deficiency diseases. Prevention of vitamin deficiency consists in ensuring full correspondence between human needs for vitamins and their intake with food. The entire set of vitamins necessary for a person can enter the body only if all food groups are used in the diet. Mechanization and automation of the labor process made work easier and reduced energy costs, however the work of firefighters-rescuers has become much more difficult, tense and dangerous. Rescue work is dangerous and requires trusting cooperation - a wrong decision or behavior can endanger the health and life of the rescuer himself, his team, and others. Based on the results of the work, a conclusion was made about the undoubted physiological and energy value of an instant granular drink based on concentrated curd whey and fruit and berry raw materials, as well as the need for its introduction into the diet of firefighters-rescuers, to ensure the normal course of life processes in the body, and mainly for prevention of vitamin deficiency.

Molecular Mechanisms of Distinct Diseases

Molecular medicine describes molecular structures and mechanisms and this chapter focuses on molecular and genetics errors of diseases. Diseases can be classified into deficiency diseases, hereditary diseases, infectious diseases and physiological diseases and to get a glimpse of the mechanisms the chapter covers the most common disease of each class.