scholarly journals THE HISTORICAL AND LEGAL STUDY OF SEARCHING OF THE PROTOTYPES OF THE PROSECUTOR’S INSTITUTE IN THE JUSTICE OF ANCIENT EGYPT

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
pp. 18-23
Author(s):  
Yevhenii Martynjuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Late Period ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Legal Study ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Early Dynastic ◽  
The Future ◽  
Administrative Courts ◽  
Procedural Guidance

The institutional organizations of the system of pre-trial investigation and judicial, and procedures for investigation and legal proceedings in the Ancient Egypt during the existence of the independent state is analyzed in the article. Based on the peculiarities of the organization of the justice’s mechanism, there are two main stages. The first stage covers time from the Early Dynastic Period (n. 3050 BC) till the Late Period (332 BC). Separately the justice of the Ptolemaic period (332–30 BC) has been analyzed which differs from privies periods essentially across combining conventional ancient egyptional features with Hellenic traditions. Within the framework of this analysis, an attempt was made to determinate the list of bodies and officials who in the Ancient Egypt’s justice were the prototypes of the future creation of the prosecutor’s institute. This separation of Ancient Egyptian officials is based on the comparison their institutional and functional matter with the modern prosecutor’s positions and powers, such as: overseeing the bodies of pre-trial investigation in the form of procedural guidance and supporting of public accusation at the trial, representation of the state’s interests at civil, commercial and administrative courts, as well.

The journey of discovering skull base anatomy in ancient Egypt and the special influence of Alexandria

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. E2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali M. Elhadi ◽  
Samuel Kalb ◽  
Luis Perez-Orribo ◽  
Andrew S. Little ◽  
Robert F. Spetzler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skull Base ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Religious Conflicts ◽  
Early Dynastic ◽  
Skull Base Anatomy ◽  
The City

The field of anatomy, one of the most ancient sciences, first evolved in Egypt. From the Early Dynastic Period (3100 bc) until the time of Galen at the end of the 2nd century ad, Egypt was the center of anatomical knowledge, including neuroanatomy. Knowledge of neuroanatomy first became important so that sacred rituals could be performed by ancient Egyptian embalmers during mummification procedures. Later, neuroanatomy became a science to be studied by wise men at the ancient temple of Memphis. As religious conflicts developed, the study of the human body became restricted. Myths started to replace scientific research, squelching further exploration of the human body until Alexander the Great founded the city of Alexandria. This period witnessed a revolution in the study of anatomy and functional anatomy. Herophilus of Chalcedon, Erasistratus of Chios, Rufus of Ephesus, and Galen of Pergamon were prominent physicians who studied at the medical school of Alexandria and contributed greatly to knowledge about the anatomy of the skull base. After the Royal Library of Alexandria was burned and laws were passed prohibiting human dissections based on religious and cultural factors, knowledge of human skull base anatomy plateaued for almost 1500 years. In this article the authors consider the beginning of this journey, from the earliest descriptions of skull base anatomy to the establishment of basic skull base anatomy in ancient Egypt.

National administration

2020 ◽  
pp. 761-777
Author(s):  
Wolfram Grajetzki
Keyword(s):  
Main Concern ◽  
New Kingdom ◽  
Late Period ◽  
Administrative Structure ◽  
Old Kingdom ◽  
Royal Court ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Early Dynastic ◽  
Appointed Officials ◽  
Egyptian History

This chapter explores the notion of a ‘national administration’ in Egypt, from the Early Dynastic Period to the Late Period, by discussing a range of textual sources and other written forms known in tombs and temples. These studies suggest that from the beginning of writing in Egypt around 3000 bc, some form of administrative structure is visible. The supply of food and other resources for the royal palace seems to have been the main concern of the administration in most periods of ancient Egyptian history. In the Fourth Dynasty the vizier became the head of the administration. He controlled legal matters, the scribal offices and was, in the Old Kingdom, also often in charge of the pyramid building. In the New Kingdom the office was divided into two, one vizier had an office in Memphis and other one in Thebes. Other important offices at the royal court were officials in charge of the treasury, those with the granaries and officials in charge of royal domains. The Old Kingdom administration seems to be a rather loose system where the king appointed officials when needed. The Middle and New Kingdom administration shows more fixed structures.

scholarly journals Preservation and identification of ancient M. tuberculosis complex DNA in Egyptian mummies

1970 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert R. Zink ◽  
Stephanie Köhler ◽  
Nasim Motamedi ◽  
Udo Reischl ◽  
Hans Wolf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Evolution ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
New Kingdom ◽  
Late Period ◽  
Middle Kingdom ◽  
Tuberculosis Complex ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Early Dynastic ◽  
Time Periods

For years we have investigated the presence and molecular evolution of tuberculosis in Pre Dynastic and Early Dynastic Egyptian mummy material from Abydos (c. 3500-2800 BC), Middle and New Kingdom until the Late Period in Thebes-West (c. 2050 – 500 BC). We have analysed 160 bone and soft tissue samples from different time periods and populations for the occurrence of M. tuberculosis complex DNA. All positive specimens were genetically characterised by spoligotyping and mutation analysis. Molecular analyses revealed excellent state of preservation of the specimens. Research showed a high incidence of M. tuberculosis during all time periods. We further detected specific MTB strain differences with M. africanum in some of the Middle Kingdom samples and “modern” M. tuberculosis strains in the New Kingdom to Late Period material. These results demonstrate that aDNA is excellently preserved in ancient Egyptian mummies allowing the reconstruction of occurrence, frequency, molecular evolution and spread of tuberculosis in Pharaonic populations.

scholarly journals Evolution of Ancient Egyptian Bifacial Flint Knives

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 7-27
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Lajs
Keyword(s):  
Nile Delta ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Old Kingdom ◽  
The North ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Early Dynastic ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
North Eastern Part

Bifacial knives are a significant category of artefacts known from ancient Egypt, drawing the attention of researchers since the beginnings of Egyptology. A popular type of knife with a well-defined handle was produced from the Early Dynastic onwards. Bifacial knives were crucial in many aspects of life. The knives from the site of Tell el-Murra, located in the North-Eastern part of the Nile Delta, are no exception. The chronology of the site dates back to the Predynastic period and lasts to the end of the Old Kingdom. There are two main groups identified amongst the bifacial knives: the first one dated to the Early Dynastic period and the second to the Old Kingdom. Both of them have some specific features which allow them to be assigned to their proper chronological phases.

Ancient Egyptian fauna

2015 ◽  
pp. 150-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salima Ikram
Keyword(s):  
Daily Life ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Changing Environment ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
The Future ◽  
Egyptian Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Artistic Images ◽  
Key Indicators ◽  
Vast Range

The vast range of animals found in ancient Egypt not only contributed to creating its language and religion, but they were also a mainstay of its economy, and played key roles in daily life, ranging from providers of food to companionship. They are also key indicators in our understanding of the changing environment. The study of Egyptian fauna can thus elucidate many aspects of ancient Egyptian culture. This chapter outlines the sources available for the study of animals in Egypt, such as artistic images, texts, and physical remains. It provides an overview of the history of Egyptian archaeozoology, outlines current methods, and goes on to look at the future of this discipline within Egyptology.

The Nile Delta during the Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom periods. Preliminary remarks on the evolution of settlement landscape

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-61
Author(s):  
Natalia Małecka-Drozd
Keyword(s):  
Nile Delta ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
The Other ◽  
Old Kingdom ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Early Dynastic ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
Settlement Landscape ◽  
New Settlements

The 3rd millennium BC appears to be a key period of development of the historical settlement landscape in ancient Egypt. After the unification of the country, the process of disappearance of the predynastic socio-political structures and settlement patterns associated with them significantly accelerated. Old chiefdoms, along with their centres and elites, declined and vanished. On the other hand, new settlements emerging in various parts of the country were often strictly related to the central authorities and formation of the new territorial administration. Not negligible were climatic changes, which influenced the shifting of the ecumene. Although these changes were evolutionary in their nature, some important stages may be recognized. According to data obtained during surveys and excavations, there are a number of sites that were considerably impoverished and/or abandoned before and at the beginning of the Old Kingdom. On the other hand, during the Third and Fourth Dynasties some important Egyptian settlements have emerged in the sources and begun their prosperity. Architectural remains as well as written sources indicate the growing interest of the state in the hierarchy of landscape elements and territorial structure of the country.

When Ancient Egyptians Copied Egyptian Work

2020 ◽  
pp. 146-162
Author(s):  
Tamás A. Bács
Keyword(s):  
Visual Culture ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Artistic Activity ◽  
Ancient Egyptian

Repetition or the practice of copying preeminently structured artistic activity in ancient Egypt. Besides its role in training, as a technique of learning to practice an art, and also serving documentary purposes in creating record copies, it served as a conscious artistic strategy in the act of representation. Different modes of the practice coexisted, such as replication or the effort to reproduce perfect replicas, differential reproduction that encouraged variation as well as emulation and could result in transformation, and finally eclectic imitation that characterized “archaism.” What were deemed as appropriate to serve as models for imitation in ancient Egyptian visual culture at any moment depended not only on the particular aesthetic and historical contexts but also on their accessibility, be it physical or archival.

The royal mummies of ancient Egypt:An odyssey of discoveries and a fascinating source of data

1970 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Bauduer
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Age At Death ◽  
Valuable Source ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Egyptian History ◽  
Source Of Information

Thanks to mummification, the physical remains of many rulers of ancient Egypt are still observable today and constitute a valuable source of information. By evaluating the age at death and sometimes elucidating the degree of kinship and circumstances of death, our knowledge of ancient Egyptian history becomes more precise. Different pathologic conditions have been found and the evolution of the mummification process can be seen through time.The most spectacular discovery was that of Tutankhamen’s mummy, the single totally undisturbed tomb, associated with a fabulous treasure.The mummy of Ramses II has been extensively studied, the only one that flew to Paris where an irradiation was delivered in order to eradicate a destructive fungal infection.The identification of Akhenaten’s mummy and the explanation for his peculiar appearance are still unsolved problems.Noticeably, many Royal mummies remain of uncertain identity or undiscovered hitherto.

Early Evidence for the Egyptian God Kheprer

2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Marie Peterková Hlouchová
Keyword(s):  
Old Kingdom ◽  
Personal Names ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Early Evidence ◽  
Early Dynastic ◽  
Pyramid Texts

Analysing early pieces of evidence for a phenomenon has always been a problematic task and it can be more difficult when dealing with a religious topic. Anachronistic approaches have often been projected in this kind of research, which brings inaccurate interpretations and findings. This paper concentrates on early testimonies for the ancient Egyptian god Kheprer, the deity of the morning sun and autogenesis. It discusses some previously suggested Predynastic, Early Dynastic, and Old Kingdom sources (such as finds of beetles in vessels, the so-called Libyan Palette, Giza writing board, figures of beetles, personal names and titles, Pyramid Texts) that can refer to the existence and belief in this deity. This study focuses mainly on the problematic issues in the interpretations of those finds, demonstrating thus that the only secure evidence for Kheprer comes from the Pyramid Texts.

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