Specific features and procpects for development of electronic government in the PRC at the beginning of the XXI century

The article is devoted to the analysis of features of functioning of the digital government in the Chinese State in the first decades of the 21-st century and the perspectives of its further development. In this work the authors give a brief description of the essence of phenomenon of digital government in general. The article explores the specific features of this process in the People’s Republic of China in the third millennium (taking into account the background of this issue). This research examines the influence of functioning of e-government bodies in Сhina on the internal political situation in the country – taking into account such aspects as building a dialogue between authorities and society, perfection of the public service system providing the Chinese citizens with essential public goods, the merits and the demerits of China’s online government are taken into account. This article examines such significant factors in the development of e-government in China as the impact of the global situation at the present stage on international politics and the country’s information security system. This article analyzes the features of the relationship between the Chinese authorities and media corporations operating on the Internet market of the Middle Kingdom (such as, for example, Google), and studies the reasons for the contradictions between them. The study also comprehended strategy of the authorities of the People’s Republic of China in matters of information security of the state, including the active use of Chinese hackers in network conflicts with Western countries, and the actions of special units of the Chinese armed forces created to counter foreign cyber terrorism.

The Vizier Ankhu and the Dual Vizierate in the Late Middle Kingdom

The conjecture that the vizier Ankhu’s centre of life lay in Thebes has been expressed by previous scholars. This paper reviews the available evidence, complemented by a new reading of stela Cairo CG 20102 and the accounts of the smaller manuscript of pBoulaq 18. Taken together, the data suggests that Ankhu, his father, and his sons, all holding the office of the vizier, had their seat in Thebes. Given that at least one other vizier stands chronologically between Ankhu and his father, the association of Ankhu’s family with Thebes supports the hypothesis of a dual vizierate in the late Middle Kingdom; a theory long proposed but deemed unconfirmed.

The Identities of the Second Intermediate Period Dynasties in Egypt

The composition of and the relationship between the Second Intermediate Period dynasties are still unclear. The present study proposes that Egypt is united during the first half of Dynasty 13 but divided following Merneferra Ay. The Middle Kingdom wꜥrwt system is applied to this division: late Dynasty 13 rules the District of the South (centered at Itjtawy), Dynasty 15 rules the District of the North (centered at Avaris), and Dynasty 16 the District of the Head of the South (centered at Thebes). Dynasty 14 consists of a conglomeration of kinglets in the Delta contemporary with Dynasty 15. Dynasty 17 evolves from the Thinite subdistrict and takes over half of the territory of Dynasty 16, at the end of the reign of Nebiryrau I. The number of kings for each dynasty can be reconstructed on the basis of a combination of the data in Manetho and in the Turin King List.

A New Family to the ANOC Groups: A Study of Stelae CG 20077 and CG 20098

The Middle Kingdom stelae found at Abydos are some of the most important sources of information to analyze and reconstruct Egyptian society. This article aims at providing a study and translation of two Middle Kingdom stelae that are preserved in the Grand Egyptian Museum in Giza and in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. They are stela CG 20077, which belongs to an individual called Nemtu, and stela CG 20098, which belongs to a man called Nemtyemmer. The family relations attested in both stelae suggest that they could be part of the same family group and consequently constitute a new Abydos North Offering Chapel (ANOC). This paper also offers an analysis of the ANOC and proposes that these stelae should be added to the ANOC groups. Lastly, we attempt to identify the social identities represented in both stelae and the possible social and geographical origin of this family.

Late Middle Kingdom Temple Bakery at South Abydos

Recent excavations have exposed the original bakery belonging to the mortuary temple of Senwosret III at South Abydos. Initially founded as a six-chambered building, the bakery was expanded in several phases to become a larger complex that housed a series of chambers dedicated primarily to large-volume hearth baking. Associated ceramics show that baking practices involved parallel use of rough-ware trays (aprt) and cylindrical bread molds (bDA). The bakery was linked by a walkway system with adjacent buildings also involved in the production and supply of offerings to the temple. One of the neighboring buildings appears to have been a companion brewery that was removed and replaced during a phase of alteration to the production area. The bakery and related structures are components of a larger shena or production zone that once extended nearly 300 meters along the edge of the Nile floodplain between the temple and town at the site of WAH-swt-¢akAwra-mAa-xrw-m-AbDw. Evidence from the bakery and neighboring structures shows that the layout of the shena was an extension of the urban plan of the town of Wah-Sut. Flanked by the main institutional buildings, the site was spatially organized around this multi-activity production zone which formed the site’s economic and industrial nucleus.