THE WOMAN'S IMAGE IN CREATIVITY OF V.T. SHALAMOV

Author(s):  
М.Н. Крылова

В статье описано исследование образов женщин, созданных В.Т. Шаламовым в цикле «Колымские рассказы». Целью стало выявление авторской трактовки образа женщины. Использовались методы наблюдения, анализа, а также интерпретации авторского художественного текста. Научная новизна исследования заключается в том, что в нём впервые описано понимание писателем образа женщины, выявлены разные подходы автора к данному образу, представленные в сборнике «Колымские рассказы». Писатель изображает несколько различных образов женщин: во-первых, нежных, понимающих, практически идеальных существ, способных поддержать мужчину даже попутно сказанным словом; во-вторых, бездуховных жён начальства и наёмных работниц, для которых заключённые являются неполноценными людьми, не достойными жалости и в которых раскрываются худшие качества женщин - самолюбование, корыстолюбие. Показывает он и женщин, в образах которых причудливо переплетаются хорошие и негативные качества. В статье делается вывод о том, что для В.Т. Шаламова наиболее важным является гуманное начало в образе женщины, тот посыл искренности, жалости и нежности, который заложен в женщину самой её природой. Такие образы вступают в контраст как с историческим фоном, изображаемым писателем (сталинскими лагерями), так и с образом мужчины, для которого, по В.Т. Шаламову, сберечь то лучшее в характере, что заложено природой и предшествующим воспитанием, в бесчеловечных условиях сложнее, чем для женщины. Образ женщины становится в рассказах В.Т. Шаламова тем ориентиром, который символизирует вечную, не подверженную влиянию внешних обстоятельств доброту и гуманность. The article describes a study of the images of women created by V.T. Shalamov in the story cycle “Kolyma Tales”. The goal was to identify the author's interpretation of the image of a woman. The methods of observation, analysis, as well as interpretation of the author’s literary text were used. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that it first describes the writer’s understanding of the image of a woman, reveals the author’s different approaches to this image, presented in the collection “Kolyma Tales”. The writer depicts several different images of women: firstly, gentle, understanding, almost ideal creatures that are able to support a man even in passing words; secondly, the soulless wives of bosses and hired workers, for whom prisoners are inferior people, not worthy of pity, and in which the worst qualities of women are revealed - self-love, self-interest. He also shows women in whose images good and negative qualities are bizarrely intertwined. The article concludes that for V.T. Shalamov most important is the humane principle in the image of a woman, that message of sincerity, pity and tenderness, which is laid down in a woman by her very nature. Such images come in contrast with both the historical background portrayed by the writer (the Stalinist camps) and the image of a man for whom, according to V.T. Shalamov, to preserve the best in character that is inherent in nature and previous education, in inhuman conditions is more difficult than for a woman. The image of a woman becomes in the stories of V.T. Shalamov that landmark, which symbolizes the eternal, not subject to the influence of external circumstances, kindness and humanity.

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
SVERRE A. CHRISTENSEN

This article examines the development of buyer-supplier relations in the telecom sector. The literature on telecoms in Scandinavia has been dominated by the narrative praising the trusting and collaborative relations between Telia, the Swedish public telephone operator (PTO), and Ericsson, the equipment supplier. The Norwegian PTO, Telenor, diverted from this path and was a pioneer in preferring competitive tenders and arm’s length relations with its suppliers starting in the 1970s. The article argues that Telenor’s history and nationality had a significant impact on its business strategy. In addition, the article examines why some business narratives persist while others remain unknown. One finding is that shareholder-friendly narratives have a handicap because they focus on self-interest and money, and not societal values.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-320
Author(s):  
Fatma Özen

This article focuses on the representations of women alongside the social and historical background of Turkish cinema from the 1980s through the early 1990s. In the following section, I articulate the political events in the 1980s - the early1990s and its impacts on Turkish society and cinema. I delve into the modernist representations of women in the 1980s cinema to analyze women’s gender codes (based on social/cultural and cinematic codes). Finally, in the last section, I examine Atıf Yılmaz’s cinematic images of women in his films and analyze two of his films A Sip of Love (1984) and The Night, Angel and Our Gang (1994) in terms of gender codes.


2021 ◽  
pp. 85-113
Author(s):  
Diego Serra ◽  
Marco Cecini ◽  
Fabio Manuel Serra ◽  
Alessandro Podda

The study of some unpublished documents coming from several European and international libraries, after the publication of Anejos VIII, and the reconsideration of other primary sources that have already been studied, would seem to confirm most hypotheses raised in the book with a good margin of probability. The comparative analysis of these documents will allow us, as follows: a) to describe the historical background of the two letters, especially with regard to the rescriptum; b) to suggest a more precise dating of this rescriptum; and c) to outline the manuscript tradition of the two letters that, starting from the legal text in Koine Greek, are transformed into an apologetic literary text by means of interpolations that mostly affected the edict of tolerance. The preliminary study of some legal papyri, in comparison with the different versions of Ep. I, allowed us to propose a critical reconstruction of the text that has undergone numerous interpolations over the centuries. The first letter perfectly matches with both the structure and the legal terminology of the Hellenistic-Roman laws, in so fully mirroring the words used by Eusebius and Optatus to describe Maxentius' edict of tolerance. El estudio de algunos documentos inéditos procedentes de varias bibliotecas europeas e internacionales, tras la publicación de Anejos VIII, y la reconsideración de otras fuentes primarias ya estudiadas, parece confirmar la mayoría de las hipótesis planteadas en el libro con un buen margen de probabilidad. El análisis comparativo de estos documentos nos permitirá, de la siguiente manera: a) describir los antecedentes históricos de las dos epístolas, especialmente con referencia al rescriptum; b) hipotetizar una fecha más precisa de este rescriptum; y c) describir la tradición manuscrita de las dos epístolas que, a partir del texto legal en griego koiné, se transforman en un texto literario apologético mediante interpolaciones que afectan mayoritariamente el edicto de tolerancia. Además, el estudio preliminar de algunos papiros legales, en comparación con las diferentes versiones de Ep. 1, nos permitió proponer una reconstrucción crítica del texto que ha sufrido numerosas interpolaciones a lo largo de los siglos. La primera letra encaja perfectamente tanto con la estructura como con la terminología legal de las leyes helenístico-romanas, reflejando tan plenamente las palabras utilizadas por Eusebio y Optato para describir el edicto de tolerancia de Majencio.


Author(s):  
Alexander Blaszczynski

Abstract. Background: Tensions exist with various stakeholders facing competing interests in providing legal land-based and online regulated gambling products. Threats to revenue/taxation occur in response to harm minimisation and responsible gambling policies. Setting aside the concept of total prohibition, the objectives of responsible gambling are to encourage and/or restrict an individual’s gambling expenditure in terms of money and time to personally affordable limits. Stakeholder responsibilities: Governments craft the gambling environment through legislation, monitor compliance with regulatory requirements, and receive taxation revenue as a proportion of expenditure. Industry operators on the other hand, compete across market sectors through marketing and advertising, and through the development of commercially innovative products, reaping substantial financial rewards. Concurrently, governments are driven to respond to community pressures to minimize the range of negative gambling-related social, personal and economic harms and costs. Industry operators are exposed to the same pressures but additionally overlaid with the self-interest of avoiding the imposition of more stringent restrictive policies. Cooperation of stakeholders: The resulting tension between taxation revenue and profit making, harm minimization, and social impacts creates a climate of conflict between all involved parties. Data-driven policies become compromised by unsubstantiated claims of, and counter claims against, the nature and extent of gambling-related harms, effectiveness of policy strategies, with allegations of bias and influence associated with researchers supported by industry and government research funding sources. Conclusion: To effectively advance policies, it is argued that it is imperative that all parties collaborate in a cooperative manner to achieve the objectives of responsible gambling and harm minimization. This extends to and includes more transparent funding for researchers from both government and industry. Continued reliance on data collected from analogue populations or volunteers participating in simulated gambling tasks will not provide data capable of valid and reliable extrapolation to real gamblers in real venues risking their own funds. Failure to adhere to principles of corporate responsibility and consumer protection by both governments and industry will challenge the social licence to offer gambling products. Appropriate and transparent safeguards learnt from the tobacco and alcohol field, it is argued, can guide the conduct of gambling research.


1998 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 481-482
Author(s):  
Graham L. Staines
Keyword(s):  

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