Diane J. Reilly, The Cistercian Reform and the Art of the Book in Twelfth-Century France. Knowledge Communities. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018, 230; 16 color plates.

Mediaevistik ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 397-399
Author(s):  
Constance Hoffman Berman
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Knowledge Communities ◽  
Cistercian Monks ◽  
Per Se

This volume contributes to our understanding of the liturgical and mental world of the early Cistercian monks and to the oral and aural community associated <?page nr="398"?>with early Cîteaux. Its title may be a misnomer for it is not about “Reform” per se or really about the art of the book (in the sense used by most specialists on the medieval book), but about the early liturgical practices at the new monastery that came to be called Cîteaux and about illustrations or illuminations of a limited number of manuscript volumes produced at Citeaux and preserved in the Dijon municipal library.

Some Geographical Problems of the Oxford Roland

PMLA ◽  
1947 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 873-886
Author(s):  
Edwin B. Place
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Personal Interest ◽  
Chanson De Roland ◽  
Sharp Focus ◽  
Hispanic Studies ◽  
Per Se

It is quite natural that most mediaevalists who have up to the present dealt extensively with problems presented by the Oxford version of the Chanson de Roland should not have had an active personal interest in mediaeval Hispanic studies per se. True it is that members of the last generation of Roland specialists, notably the historian P. Boissonnade in extending J. Bédier's theories, have brought into sharp focus the importance for Roland studies of the eleventh- and early twelfth-century French crusades into Spain against the Moors, especially in aid of, or collaboration with the Cid's overlord, Alfonso VI of Leon and Castile. And in this connection Bédier added his voice to those who have admitted the possibility that the Oxford Roland may have been composed after the turn of the century.

scholarly journals Los hospitalarios y los monasterios en la Corona de Castilla durante los siglos XII y XIII = Hospitallers and Monasteries in the Kingdom of Castile during the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries

2019 ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Carlos Barquero Goñi
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Limited Size ◽  
Small Family ◽  
Cistercian Monks ◽  
Saint John

La Orden del Hospital absorbió a varios cenobios que ya existían en la época anterior a su penetración en la Corona de Castilla. Se trataba de pequeños monasterios familiares de reducidas dimensiones. Más numerosos fueron los contactos que mantuvieron los freires sanjuanistas con grandes entidades monásticas por motivos puramente económicos. Muchas veces nos encontramos con enfrentamientos y pleitos en cuestiones específicamente materiales, preferentemente en el último cuarto del siglo XII y la primera mitad del XIII. Por regla general, se solucionaban gracias a concordias privadas. Usualmente, una sola avenencia resolvía todos los problemas de los hospitalarios con cada monasterio. También se presentan casos de algunos cenobios muy poderosos con los que hubo una sucesión de varios enfrentamientos. Los monjes cistercienses quizás parecen haber ocasionado especiales problemas a la Orden de San Juan.AbstractThe Order of the Knights of the Hospital absorbed several monasteries that already existed in the period prior to her introduction into the Crown of Castile. They were small family monasteries of limited size. Contact maintained by the Hospitaller brethren with large monastic entities for purely economic reasons were more common than with these smaller ones. Confrontations and lawsuits concerning specifically material issues took place primarily in the last quarter of the twelfth century and the first half of the thirteenth century. As a general rule, they were resolved by private agreements. Usually, a single deal solved all problems the Hospitallers had with each monastery. There are also cases of some very powerful monasteries with which there was a succession of confrontations. The Cistercian monks seem to have caused particularly serious problems for the Order of Saint John.

Gifts in Frankalmoign, Warranty of Land, and Feudal Society

1991 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 330-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Postles
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Personal Relationship ◽  
Recent Discussion ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Feudal Society ◽  
The Future ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The One ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Church

In recent discussion, gifts to the religious have been perceived as exercising a formative influence in the forging of some norms and customs of feudal tenure during the twelfth century. On the one hand, it has been suggested that gifts to the church assisted the clarification in the mind of lay feudal society of the concept of heritability—that is, the future enjoyment of inheritance—since donors could not alienate in perpetuity that which was not already heritable. This suggestion is extremely important in view of the different perceptions of political and legal historians concerning the development of heritability of tenures and tenant right during the twelfth century, which are seen variously to have existed as social or legal norms from varying times and from different causes. A related argument runs that, whilst the warranty clause in charters (but not warranty per se) was initially conceived within the framework of the personal relationship between lord and man, its more widespread diffusion in charters was stimulated largely through the auspices of these religious beneficiaries of gifts in frankalmoign. The introduction of warranty into charters at the instance of religious beneficiaries is thus related to their concern to secure their own perpetual rights in the land at a time of a nascent realisation of hereditary tenant right, and the religious were thus foremost in the insertion of warranty clauses in charters which they, as beneficiaries, wrote or influenced, to secure their own unbridled tenure in perpetuity.

scholarly journals Conflict and Authority: William of Saint-Thierry and Peter Abelard as Readers of Origen

Open Theology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 531-554
Author(s):  
Carmen Angela Cvetković
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Peter Abelard ◽  
Cistercian Monks ◽  
Latin West ◽  
Clear Point ◽  
The Way

Abstract This study compares how two prominent twelfth-century Latin authors and theological opponents, namely the monastic author William of Saint-Thierry (c. 1080–1148) and the school master Peter Abelard (1079–1142), variously understood the authority of the controversial yet influential Greek author Origen (c. 184–253) in their works. Modern scholars who study the reception of Origen in the twelfth-century Latin West have, to this point, spoken of an Origenian revival in this period, concluding that Origen was especially popular in the cloister, among Cistercian monks, such as Bernard of Clairvaux and his followers, like William of Saint-Thierry, based on the assumption that as monks they found his writings more relevant. This study seeks to challenge this scholarly narrative by focusing on two authors who are perceived as typifying two different strands of theology, one of a contemplative character developed in the cloister (William) and one making use of dialectics and developed in the emerging schools (Abelard). By demonstrating that the schoolmaster Abelard drew on Origen to a greater degree and in a more transparent manner than his monastic opponent, this study will show that Origen’s popularity in the cloisters was not, as such, a clear point of distinction between them and schools in the way that has usually been claimed by modern scholarship.

Origin of Hepatic Nuclear Inclusion Bodies

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 426-427
Author(s):  
F. G. Zaki ◽  
J. A. Greenlee ◽  
C. H. Keysser
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Storage Disease ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Nuclear Inclusion ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Human Liver Cells ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Experimental Liver

Nuclear inclusion bodies seen in human liver cells may appear in light microscopy as deposits of fat or glycogen resulting from various diseases such as diabetes, hepatitis, cholestasis or glycogen storage disease. These deposits have been also encountered in experimental liver injury and in our animals subjected to nutritional deficiencies, drug intoxication and hepatocarcinogens. Sometimes these deposits fail to demonstrate the presence of fat or glycogen and show PAS negative reaction. Such deposits are considered as viral products.Electron microscopic studies of these nuclei revealed that such inclusion bodies were not products of the nucleus per se but were mere segments of endoplasmic reticulum trapped inside invaginating nuclei (Fig. 1-3).

The Eleventh Circuit Holds that Agreements in which Pharmaceutical Companies Pay Generic Companies Not to Compete May be Valid

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-184
Author(s):  
Amy Garrigues
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Patent Holder ◽  
Trial Court ◽  
Court Of Appeals ◽  
The Us ◽  
Antitrust Laws ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Appeals Court ◽  
Two Sides

On September 15, 2003, the US. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit held that agreements between pharmaceutical and generic companies not to compete are not per se unlawful if these agreements do not expand the existing exclusionary right of a patent. The Valley DrugCo.v.Geneva Pharmaceuticals decision emphasizes that the nature of a patent gives the patent holder exclusive rights, and if an agreement merely confirms that exclusivity, then it is not per se unlawful. With this holding, the appeals court reversed the decision of the trial court, which held that agreements under which competitors are paid to stay out of the market are per se violations of the antitrust laws. An examination of the Valley Drugtrial and appeals court decisions sheds light on the two sides of an emerging legal debate concerning the validity of pay-not-to-compete agreements, and more broadly, on the appropriate balance between the seemingly competing interests of patent and antitrust laws.

Fusion and Fission Processes in Exocytosis: Possible Roles for Synexin and Osmotic Lysis in the Two Events

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 594-597
Author(s):  
H.B. Pollard ◽  
C.E. Creutz ◽  
C.J. Pazoles ◽  
J.H. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecules ◽  
Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Extracellular Calcium ◽  
Large Protein ◽  
Granule Membrane ◽  
Osmotic Lysis ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Chemical Evidence

Exocytosis is a general concept describing secretion of enzymes, hormones and transmitters that are otherwise sequestered in intracellular granules. Chemical evidence for this concept was first gathered from studies on chromaffin cells in perfused adrenal glands, in which it was found that granule contents, including both large protein and small molecules such as adrenaline and ATP, were released together while the granule membrane was retained in the cell. A number of exhaustive reviews of this early work have been published and are summarized in Reference 1. The critical experiments demonstrating the importance of extracellular calcium for exocytosis per se were also first performed in this system (2,3), further indicating the substantial service given by chromaffin cells to those interested in secretory phenomena over the years.

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