scholarly journals Historia del documental: orígenes, soportes y vanguardias del Ecuador / Documentary History: Origins, Supports & Ecuadorian Avant-Gardes

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-100
Author(s):  
Esteban Celi ◽  
Edison Foncseca
Keyword(s):  
Creative Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Documentary History ◽  
The Masses

ABSTRACTThis article talks about the Documentary and its beginnings, its process, its classification, the creative process and the elements that make it up, while analysing its history in Ecuador based on important references. It also contains the approach that indicates the concept of technology as a vehicle of the audio-visual avant-gardes. The cinematographic supports, the first discoveries, give rise to the cinema, and to a moment of the art that will tattoo the memory of the masses to the point that the black and white transmits certain information to us, that will be enriched by the other elements of the narratives. RESUMENEste artículo aborda el Documental y sus inicios, su clasificación, el proceso creativo y los elementos que lo componen, analizando su historia en el Ecuador a partir de referencias importantes. También contiene el enfoque que indica el concepto de tecnología como vehículo de las vanguardias audiovisuales. Los soportes cinematográficos, los primeros descubrimientos, dan lugar al cine, ya un momento del arte que tatuará la memoria de las masas hasta el punto de que el negro y el blanco nos transmiten cierta información, que será enriquecida por los demás elementos de las narraciones.

The Evolution of the Colour Sense

1901 ◽  
Vol 47 (199) ◽  
pp. 678-679
Author(s):  
F. W. Edridge-Green
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Impulse ◽  
The Other ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Normal Distance ◽  
Colour Sense ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Colour Blindness ◽  
The Mind

All the facts which can be gathered from the study of museums or literature point to the conclusion that the sense of light was developed first, then the sense of colour. The tendency has been to regard colour-blindness as “chromic myopia;” but this is not correct unless there is a defective perception of light as well, as shown by the cases which I have recorded. A man may be able to see light of all colours at twice the normal distance, and yet be colour-blind. I specially wish to emphasise the fact that there is no definite relation between light and colour. When light falls upon the eye it sets up a nerve impulse, which is conveyed to the brain. In the impulse itself we have the physiological basis of light, and in the quality of the impulse the physiological basis of colour. My contention is that these two factors are perceived by two entirely different sets of cerebral cells, those devoted to the perception of colour being developed at a later period than those conveying to the mind the sensation of light. All the evidence which can be obtained shows that all objects were first seen as in a photograph, that is, in different degrees of black and white. In the evolution of the colour sense those waves which differ most physically, namely, red and violet, were first recognised as different, the remainder of the spectrum appearing grey. Homer's colour vision was of this class, which represents the degree just preceding total colour-blindness. I have recorded a case of this kind of a man who was colour-blind with one eye, and who was therefore able to tell me exactly how objects appeared with this eye. He said that the spectrum appeared nearly all grey, but with a tinge of red at one end and a tinge of violet at the other; he could see very much better with the colour-blind eye than with the other.

scholarly journals Overshooting calibration and age determination from evolved binary systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 615 ◽  
pp. A62 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Valle ◽  
M. Dell’Omodarme ◽  
P. G. Prada Moroni ◽  
S. Degl’Innocenti
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulations ◽  
Relative Error ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
The Other ◽  
Helium Burning ◽  
Primary Star ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Convective Core ◽  
The Masses

Aims. The capability of grid-based techniques to estimate the age together with the convective core overshooting efficiency of stars in detached eclipsing binary systems for main sequence stars has previously been investigated. We have extended this investigation to later evolutionary stages and have evaluated the bias and variability on the recovered age and convective core overshooting parameter accounting for both observational and internal uncertainties. Methods. We considered synthetic binary systems, whose age and overshooting efficiency should be recovered by applying the SCEPtER pipeline to the same grid of models used to build the mock stars. We focus our attention on a binary system composed of a 2.50 M⊙ primary star coupled with a 2.38 M⊙ secondary. To explore different evolutionary scenarios, we performed the estimation at three different times: when the primary is at the end of the central helium burning, when it is at the bottom of the RGB, and when it is in the helium core burning phase. The Monte Carlo simulations have been carried out for two typical values of accuracy on the mass determination, that is, 1% and 0.1%. Results. Adopting typical observational uncertainties, we found that the recovered age and overshooting efficiency are biased towards low values in all three scenarios. For an uncertainty on the masses of 1%, the underestimation is particularly relevant for a primary in the central helium burning stage, reaching − 8.5% in age and − 0.04 (− 25% relative error) in the overshooting parameter β. In the other scenarios, an undervaluation of the age by about 4% occurs. A large variability in the fitted values between Monte Carlo simulations was found: for an individual system calibration, the value of the overshooting parameter can vary from β = 0.0 to β = 0.26. When adopting a 0.1% error on the masses, the biases remain nearly unchanged but the global variability is suppressed by a factor of about two. We also explored the effect of a systematic discrepancy between the artificial systems and the model grid by accounting for an offset in the effective temperature of the stars by ± 150 K. For a mass error of 1% the overshooting parameter is largely biased towards the edges of the explored range, while for the lower mass uncertainty it is basically unconstrained from 0.0 to 0.2. We also evaluate the possibility of individually recovering the β value for both binary stars. We found that this is impossible for a primary near to central hydrogen exhaustion owing to huge biases for the primary star of + 0.14 (90% relative error), while in the other cases the fitted β are consistent, but always biased by about − 0.04 (− 25% relative error). Finally, the possibility to distinguish between models computed with mild overshooting from models with no overshooting was evaluated, resulting in a reassuring power of distinction greater than 80%. However, the scenario with a primary in the central helium burning was a notable exception, showing a power of distinction lower than 5%.

scholarly journals Some nuclear transformations of beryllium and boron and the masses of the light elements

1935 ◽  
Vol 150 (869) ◽  
pp. 241-258 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Emission ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Small Error ◽  
The Other ◽  
Light Elements ◽  
Mass Energy ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Mass Data ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Α Particles

In a recent paper we showed that the nuclear transformations produced in lithium by bombarding the element with protons and with ions of heavy hydrogen were in complete accord with the laws of the conservation of mass-energy and of momentum. At the same time we pointed out that there were serious discrepancies between the mass-data and the transformation-data in some other cases, and we stressed the fact that the concordance for lithium was one between mass-differences, and gave no test of the correctness or otherwise of the absolute masses in terms of O 16 = 16·000. In the present communication we present the results of experiments on the transformation of beryllium and boron by protons and by ions of heavy hydrogen. It is shown that it is not possible to interpret these results on the mass-data at present available, and we indicate how the difficulties may be overcome by the assumption of a single small error in the mass-spectrographic value for the mass of He 4 . Beryllium So far as it is known beryllium consists of a single isotope,* the mass of which according to Bainbridge is 9·0155. This mass is greater than that of two α-partieles and a neutron (8·0043 + 1·0080§ = 9·0123) by nearly three million volts, and hence great difficulties have been en­countered in nuclear theory in accounting for the observed stability. It had been found by Rayleigh|| that the mineral beryl contained an abnormal quantity of helium, while the experiments of Curie-Joliot and of Chadwick¶ had shown that beryllium gave a copious emission of neutrons when bombarded by α-particles, but the most careful search has failed to give any evidence whatever for a spontaneous emission of particles from the element. Both lithium and boron, of atomic numbers 3 and 5 respectively, are very easily transformed by bombardment wit protons and with ions of heavy hydrogen, so that it was to be expected that beryllium, which lies between them in the periodic table, would also give effects when bombarded by the same ions. Observation of the energies evolved if the reactions are known with certainty, should then lead to values for the mass of Be 9 in terms of the masses of the other products of the transformations, which can be used to check the mass found by Bainbridge.

Individual Recognition, Intragroup Cohesion and Intergroup Spacing: Evidence From Sound Playback To Forest Monkeys

Behaviour ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 60 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 28-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Waser
Keyword(s):  
Individual Recognition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Loud Calls ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Individual Distinctiveness ◽  
Black And White Colobus ◽  
Intergroup Spacing

AbstractThe contexts and functions of several loud mangabey vocalizations, particularly the "whoopgobble", were investigated observationally and experimentally. Whoopgobbles are notable for their audibility and distinctiveness over long distances, their temporal pattern of delivery, and particularly their stereotypy and individual distinctiveness. On the other hand, contexts of and responses to these vocalizations are variable and sometimes nonobvious. In order to control context and more systematically investigate response, an experimental method involving playback of recorded vocalizations was developed. Although precautions against habituation were necessary, mangabey responses to playbacks were clearcut and repeatable. Answering vocalizations, changes in group movement, and changes in the dispersion of individuals within a group occurred only in response to mangabey vocalizations. Whoopgobble playbacks provoked a pattern of response, including most notably the rapid approach of one adult male (the "RA" male) from each group, which was specific to this call. Playback of whoopgobbles between 100 and 600m from mangabey groups indicated that this call does transmit information regarding the identity of the vocalizing individual and group over these distances. Test groups moved away from neighboring- and unknown-group calls, but towards those of their own males - particularly those of RA males. RA males, on the other hand, do not approach calls of other males from their own groups. Within a group, whoopgobbles may thus increase cohesion and influence the direction of movements. Characteristics of whoopgobble form and context are discussed with regard to hypothesized functions of these and other forest monkey loud calls. Responses by free-ranging mangabeys to playback of the whoopgobble confirm its role in maintaining distance between groups. Response was found to be independent of group size, despite the fact that whoopgobble rate is closely related to this variable and thus could transmit such information. Since responses were also found to be independent of location within the home range, intergroup spacing among mangabeys appears not be be "territorial", site defense does not occur. Nevertheless, the central areas in at least some mangabey groups' home ranges were never penetrated by neighbors. Playback tests with black-and-white colobus and blue monkeys, among which territorial spacing has been reported, indicate that responses to loud calls have some degree of site-specificity among these species. But the mangabey pattern of intergroup spacing appears to result from a combination of low group density, site attachment within groups, and site-independent avoidance between groups. These results emphasize that spacing "system" and "pattern" are not necessarily equivalent; a given set of spacing behaviors can result in different spacing patterns under different ecological conditions, while a given pattern may be obtained by any of several behavioral means. Evidence for site-independent spacing in other primate species is discussed.

scholarly journals Challenges and Failures in the Contemporary Arab Discourse

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 202-210
Author(s):  
Wafa Alkhatib ◽  
Mohammad Al-Qudah
Keyword(s):  
Political Discourse ◽  
The Other ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
The Masses

This research deals with the challenges and defeats faced by the contemporary Arab discourse in all its forms and aspects, especially as it is experiencing a strong crisis between international and regional inconsistencies, produced by the forces of globalization and its uneasy pressures. Our basic thesis in this article can be summarized as follows. First, we argue that, can we say that the contemporary Arab discourse is dependent on the other, or is it a slave to the makers of globalization?  Second, Does the Arab discourse in the present era issued by the same reference that was issued several decades ago, or is it reconsidering this reference to adapt to the circumstances and developments surrounding it? Or is it adapted between its Arab privacy, which starts from the constants and references that differ from our Arab reality and does not apply to our problems? To prove this, the article tries to shed the light on the credibility of the Arab political discourse, which constitutes a set of theoretical theses and hypothetical perceptions concerned with the author of the discourse only. It tries to reveal that the Arab political discourse does not touch the principle of practical application, as the recipients of political discourse feel disappointed and discredited because the author of the discourse derives his power from his authority and not from the authority of the masses, and loyalty is an absolute loyalty for him.

scholarly journals The Functionality of Color Terms in Antarah IBN SHADAD's Poetry

2018 ◽  
Vol 214 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-74
Author(s):  
M . Raad Abdul Jabbar Jawad
Keyword(s):  
Personal Experience ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Color Terms ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Poetic Image ◽  
Explicit Reference ◽  
Poetic Diction ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Poetry Collection

     To start with, a definition of the term 'color' in Arabic language is presented.  Then, a study of colors implications in Al-Jahili poetry is proceeded; the poet's creativity in using color terms and incorporating these terms in Jahili poems explicitly or implicitly in forming up the topics of their poetry, then outlined. Color figures and images are dominant in Al-Jahili poetry to its extreme so as to propagate an oasis of environmental emulations, on one hand, and an outlet for personal experience on the other. In his poetry, Antara followed his ancestors' poetic traditions and closely textualized their inspirations and fantasies in his versification.  Partly, his poetic diction was personalized; whereas, the semantic contents tackled by ancestors were mediated and de toured astray in some instanses.  Reviewing his poetry collection one can infer his typical attitudes of using colors: the black, the white, the red, the green, the blue, and the yellow. Excessive use of these colors can be cited along with multiplicity of presentation in creating a quantum of color implications especially those of the white and the black, he used a decorated mosaic of colors in forming his poetic image; whereas he incorporated a corona of colors in restoring his poeticity.  Color contrasts are foregrounded in building up perceptible imagesof his poems. Colorful images, he used, asa loverand as a knight are merged with his passion and bravery; though gloomy in his macabre. The paper concludes that Antara used an excessive influx of colors terminology and semantic sheds in entailing his topics, focusing on the red, black and white.  The black was his favorite; whereas the red and the black are used excessively in his expressions.  Explicit reference to the red and black was the highest in number in the selected poems.  Essentially, some node that the notability of the black was a symptom of suffering and degrading he suffered as a black.

Listening for the Pictures

Resonance ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-191
Author(s):  
D. Michael Cheers
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Creative Process ◽  
Cape Town ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pulitzer Prize ◽  
Civil Rights Era ◽  
Nelson Mandela ◽  
The World ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Many

This essay is inspired by the words of Pulitzer Prize–winning Chicago Sun Times photographer John White, who once told me to “listen for the pictures.” His message rang clear but never more so than when in 1990 we were covering the release of Nelson Mandela in Cape Town, South Africa. The Cape Town scene was alive and filled with so much vibrance. I was keenly aware that I must not just look, but I must listen, and use all my God-given senses to take it in. I can only describe the moment I started listening to the layer of sound, which was my own clicking camera superimposed on the chorus of sounds that surrounded me as both meta and sonorific. There was a certain rhythm to the sensation I felt in being one with my camera. It transported me to a wonderful place in time where visuals and cadences danced together. I realized there was alchemy in this and in all the other moments and locations I had spent behind a camera developing and exercising that “inner ear” my ancestors, some gone, like Gordon Parks, but others here, like White, taught me to revere. This essay is a snapshot of some of those moments—a proof sheet, if you will—from a life that began, as did the civil rights era, with instances of terror and triumph. This essay chronicles my journey as a young photographer and the many influences that shaped my creative process and eventually my worldview. This essay is an invitation to travel with me through time and see life as my camera and I witnessed it, and to hear and sense the world as I do.

HISTORIOSOPHICAL PREREQUISITES FOR THE FORMATION OF THE CULT OF PERSONALITY IN THE BIOGRAPHIES OF V.I. LENIN 1924–1956

2021 ◽  
pp. 136-146
Author(s):  
Elena V. Barysheva ◽  
◽  
Dmitriy V. Morozov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Formal Argument ◽  
Cult Of Personality ◽  
The One ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Plot Structure

The authors make an attempt to analyse on the basis of Hayden White’s theory of historical narrative historiosophical prerequisites for the formation of the cult of personality in the soviet biographies of V.I. Lenin published in 1924–1956. The basis of texts is a plot structure, implying, on the one hand, the existence of immutable laws of historical development, which humanity is forced to obey, and, on the other, a person who is able to learn them through the bitterness of defeats and put them at his service. The explanation of the facts of the historical narrative takes place by using two types of formal argument: Mechanism, which emphasizes the laws of historical development and the role of the masses in the historical process, and organicism, which gives high priority to V.I. Lenin himself and the party he created. The authors conclude that the articulation of the plot structure and types of formal argument embodied in the biographies becomes a prerequisite for the formation of the cult of personality. The latter implies the construction of an image of a person capable of transforming the reality, according to the concept of historical development that dominates in the party political historiography

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