Active and Passive Citizenship in the Arab World

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roel Meijer

This article argues that the current crisis of relations between states and citizens in the Arab Middle East cannot just be traced to the rise of postcolonial authoritarian regimes but further back, to the rise of the modern state in the early 19th century. The development of modern citizenship regimes has not empowered citizens, it has instead led to a more passive mode of citizenship. After a historical discussion of the various ruling bargains in modern regional history, the article concludes with a discussion of ongoing protests demanding more active citizenship regimes.

T oung Pao ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Éric Trombert

AbstractThe karez (or qanât) is an ancient kind of underground waterworks that can be found still working from Iran to Morocco and, in present-day China, in Xinjiang (mostly in the Turfan Basin). In western countries and in the Middle East, historians generally consider the Iranian world as the core area of karez since the Achaemenid era (550-330 BC). In China, however, the prevailing theory concerning the origins of the karez technology in Xinjiang is that it was developed elsewhere in China's Central Plain and then imported with some minor modifications. This article intends to demonstrate that this was not the case and that the technique was unknown in the western regions at the height of the Han Chinese presence in Xinjiang in the late 8th century. This conclusion is confirmed by examining the historical process of the development of the karez technique as it is known through Qing sources. It started no sooner than the early 19th century and was related to the Qing colonial enterprise in the western regions. Le karez (ou qanât) est un type ancien d'aménagement hydraulique souterrain dont on trouve encore des exemples en activité de l'Iran au Maroc, et, en Chine aujourd'hui, au Xinjiang (principalement dans le bassin de Turfan). Dans les pays occidentaux et au Moyen Orient les historiens considèrent généralement le monde iranien comme la zone centrale des karez depuis l'époque achéménide (550-330 av. J.-C.). En Chine, en revanche, la théorie prédominante concernant l'origine de la technique des karez au Xinjiang veut que celle-ci ait été développée ailleurs dans la Plaine Centrale, pour être ensuite importée avec quelques modifications mineures. Le présent article entend démontrer que tel n'a pas été le cas et que cette technique était inconnue dans les régions occidentales à l'apogée de la présence chinoise au Xinjiang, à la fin du VIIIe siècle. Cette conclusion est confirmée par l'examen du processus historique de développement de la technique des karez telle qu'on la connaît à travers les sources d'époque Qing. Elle n'est pas apparue avant le début du XIXe siècle et doit être mise en relation avec l'entreprise coloniale des Qing dans les régions occidentales.


2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-306
Author(s):  
Nannie Sköld

Through considering the historical and ongoing systematic oppression of Kurds in the Middle East, this paper seeks to interrogate the role of citizenship in relation to processes of inclusion and exclusion within nation states. By situating the concepts of citizenship and statelessness within their appropriate political context, this paper explores the extent to which citizenship regimes can be used to serve the interests of the state and undermine the interests of minority citizens. This is analysed through considering the framework of the modern state system, in which individuals are largely dependent on citizenship for access to rights. The severe implications of non-citizenship increase citizens’ dependency on states, increasing the capability of states to oppress minority citizens who are not considered to belong within the national community. Through navigating participants’ narratives of citizenship and statelessness, a nuanced understanding of the role of citizenship will challenge dominant assumptions


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiqri Fakhrizal

This article deals with Islamic education and modernityin the Middle East. Modern education began to beknown in Egypt since the advent of Napoleon Bonapartein the early 19th century in this country. However, it wasin the epoch of Muhammad Ali that the transision fromtraditional education to modern education began.Further, in the time of Ismail Pasya due to educationreorganization, traditional education began to competewith secular-modern education.


2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-77
Author(s):  
Anna Di Toro

The main contribution of Bičurin in the field of Chinese language, the Kitajskaja grammatika (1835), is still quite understudied, even though it represents the first grammar of Chinese written in Russian. Through a rapid overview of some of the early grammars of Chinese written by European authors and the analysis of some sections of the book, in which the Russian sinologist expounds the mechanism of Chinese, the paper dwells on the original ideas on this language developed by the Russian sinologist, inspired both by European and Chinese grammatical traditions. A particular attention is devoted to Bičurin’s concept of “mental modification”, related to the linguistic ideas discussed in Europe in the early 19th century.


Author(s):  
Jesse Ferris

This book draws on declassified documents from six countries and original material in Arabic, German, Hebrew, and Russian to present a new understanding of Egypt's disastrous five-year intervention in Yemen, which Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser later referred to as “my Vietnam.” The book argues that Nasser's attempt to export the Egyptian revolution to Yemen played a decisive role in destabilizing Egypt's relations with the Cold War powers, tarnishing its image in the Arab world, ruining its economy, and driving its rulers to instigate the fatal series of missteps that led to war with Israel in 1967. Viewing the Six Day War as an unintended consequence of the Saudi–Egyptian struggle over Yemen, the book demonstrates that the most important Cold War conflict in the Middle East was not the clash between Israel and its neighbors. It was the inter-Arab struggle between monarchies and republics over power and legitimacy. Egypt's defeat in the “Arab Cold War” set the stage for the rise of Saudi Arabia and political Islam. Bold and provocative, this book brings to life a critical phase in the modern history of the Middle East. Its compelling analysis of Egypt's fall from power in the 1960s offers new insights into the decline of Arab nationalism, exposing the deep historical roots of the Arab Spring of 2011.


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