Interactions among Variables in the P300 Response to a Continuous Performance Task in Normal and ADHD Adults

2004 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 666-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. McPherson ◽  
Mimi T. Salamat
Keyword(s):  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Continuous Performance Task ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Number Of False Alarms ◽  
Auditory P300 ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common

This study investigated the effect of variable interstimulus intervals (ISIs) in a group of normal and ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) adults on behavioral reaction time and the auditory P300 event-related potential. This study involved 20 adult subjects with no history of ADHD and 11 adult subjects diagnosed with ADHD. The subjects were instructed to respond to the common stimuli and ignore the rare stimulus. Significant differences in the latency of the P300a, P300b, the amplitude of the P300b, and in the number of false alarms and correct rejections between ISIs were observed in the normal group. The group with ADHD failed to show any significant differences between ISIs. Psychophysical measures of hits showed significant differences for the number of hits for ISI 2 (2 sec) between the two groups. False alarms and correct rejections for all ISIs showed significant differences between groups. Significant group differences were seen for latency of the P300a and P300b at each of the three ISIs, for amplitude of the P300a and P300b for ISI 1 and ISI 3, and for the amplitude of the P300b for ISI 2. There was a greater separation in the group with ADHD between the P300a and P300b suggesting a processing lag in that group.

scholarly journals Behavioural Measures of Infant Activity but Not Attention Associate with Later Preschool ADHD Traits

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 524
Author(s):  
Amy Goodwin ◽  
Alexandra Hendry ◽  
Luke Mason ◽  
Tessel Bazelmans ◽  
Jannath Begum Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Child Behaviour ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Early Interventions ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Assessment Protocol ◽  
History Of ◽  
Observer Ratings ◽  
Infant Attention

Mapping infant neurocognitive differences that precede later ADHD-related behaviours is critical for designing early interventions. In this study, we investigated (1) group differences in a battery of measures assessing aspects of attention and activity level in infants with and without a family history of ADHD or related conditions (ASD), and (2) longitudinal associations between the infant measures and preschool ADHD traits at 3 years. Participants (N = 151) were infants with or without an elevated likelihood for ADHD (due to a family history of ADHD and/or ASD). A multi-method assessment protocol was used to assess infant attention and activity level at 10 months of age that included behavioural, cognitive, physiological and neural measures. Preschool ADHD traits were measured at 3 years of age using the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and the Child Behaviour Questionnaire (CBQ). Across a broad range of measures, we found no significant group differences in attention or activity level at 10 months between infants with and without a family history of ADHD or ASD. However, parent and observer ratings of infant activity level at 10 months were positively associated with later preschool ADHD traits at 3 years. Observable behavioural differences in activity level (but not attention) may be apparent from infancy in children who later develop elevated preschool ADHD traits.

Sustained Attention and Grade Retention

1994 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 555-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gordon ◽  
Barbara B. Mettelman ◽  
Martin Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Grade Retention ◽  
Academic Failure ◽  
Academic Careers ◽  
Continuous Performance ◽  
Continuous Performance Task ◽  
Performance Task ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
History Of

Two studies are reported which explore the possible relationship between academic failure, as measured by grade retention, and the capacity to sustain attention on a computerized continuous performance task. In a nonreferred sample, 89 children who had been retained at some point in their academic careers showed a higher frequency of abnormal scores on an index of sustained attention than did 93 children who had never repeated a grade. In a sample of children who had been referred for an evaluation of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, children with a history of grade retention had significantly lower scores on the same measure of sustained attention. Results are discussed in terms of the possible contribution of attention deficits to over-all academic achievement, even for children who have not necessarily been referred for a clinical evaluation.

An Examination of Feedback Seeking in Individuals With Social Anxiety Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, or No History of Mental Disorder Using a Daily Diary Method

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian A. Wilson ◽  
Naomi Koerner ◽  
Martin M. Antony
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Daily Diary ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Feedback Seeking ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Diary Data ◽  
Diary Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
Daily Diary Method

This study examined excessive reassurance seeking (or positive feedback seeking; PFS) and negative feedback seeking (NFS) in individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), or no history of mental health difficulties. A 2-week daily diary method was used to examine potential group differences in the frequency, topics, and targets of PFS and NFS. The SAD and GAD groups reported significantly higher feedback seeking (FS) than the healthy group on self-report questionnaires. The most common targets of FS in each group were other people (e.g., romantic partner, family members). According to diary data, there were no significant group differences in the frequency of PFS, NFS, overall FS, or overall FS adjusted for self-reported compliance with diary completion (after applying Bonferroni correction). There were also no significant group differences in FS topics according to diary data. Future research directions and potential implications of these findings are discussed.

Error Monitoring in College Students with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 113-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Pin Chang ◽  
Patricia L. Davies ◽  
William J Gavin
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Error Monitoring ◽  
Behavioral Performance ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Students With Adhd

Recent error-related event-related potential (ERP) studies suggest that children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) display deficits in error monitoring compared to control children. Information regarding error monitoring deficit in adults with ADHD, however, is scarce. We investigated error monitoring in a sample of college students with ADHD and compared them to their control peers. In addition to error (-related) negativity (Ne/ERN) and error positivity (Pe), we examined behavioral performance such as reaction time (RT) as well as self-reported monitoring behaviors in daily-life situations. Thirty-two college students with no known disorders and 36 college students with ADHD between 18 and 30 years of age participated in this study. Results showed that college students with ADHD were slower in their RT and displayed more RT variability. College students with ADHD also demonstrated significantly smaller Ne/ERN amplitude and shorter Ne/ERN latency compared to control students. There were, however, no significant group differences in either Pe amplitude or Pe latency. With self-reported monitoring behaviors, ADHD students reported significantly more difficulties in both the Self-Monitor and Task Monitor scales of the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function – Adult Version (BRIEF-A) compared to control students. Collectively, these results suggest that college students with ADHD have atypical error monitoring as measured by brain processing, behavioral performance, and self-report.

Prevalence and Natural History of Cryptorchidism

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
Gertrud S. Berkowitz ◽  
Robert H. Lapinski ◽  
Jacqueline G. Gazella ◽  
Stephen E. Dolgin ◽  
Carol A. Bodian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Mount Sinai Hospital ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
History Of ◽  
Do So

Objective. A prospective hospital-based cohort study was conducted to determine the prevalence rates of cryptorchidism at birth, 3 months, and 1 year of age. Design. A total of 6935 consecutive male neonates delivered at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City between October 1987 and October 1990 were examined at birth for cryptorchidism. Standardized examination and classification criteria were used. Infants classified as cryptorchid at birth were reexamined at 3 months and 1 year after the expected date of delivery. Results. Of 6935 neonates assessed at birth, 255(3.7%) were found to be cryptorchid at birth. The rates were significantly elevated for low birth weight, preterm, small-for-gestational age, and twin neonates. The overall rate had declined to 1.0% by the 3-month assessment and 1.1% at the 1-year assessment. Although the rates at the 1-year assessment tended to be higher for low birth weight and preterm infants, no significant group differences were observed. Conclusions. Since the prevalence rates in this study are similar to those reported several decades ago, these data provide no evidence that the rate of cryptorchidism has increased either at birth or by 1 year of age. Furthermore, most testes that descend spontaneously do so within the first 3 months after the expected date of delivery.

Easily Frustrated Infants: Implications for Emotion Regulation Strategies and Cognitive Functioning

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikita P Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Family History ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Emotion Regulation Strategies ◽  
Laboratory Assessment ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
History Of ◽  
Regulation Strategies

We identified easily frustrated (n=9) and less easily frustrated (n=15) infants from a cohort (n=54) of 10-month-olds with and without a family history of ADHD. Categorization into frustration groups was made on the basis of both parents’ report and a laboratory assessment in which they were denied an attractive toy. Easily frustrated infants: 1) showed no significant relationship to having a family history of ADHD; 2) showed differences in frequency of emotion regulation strategies; and 3) showed significant group differences on assessments of cognitive functioning. Results indicate that easily frustrated infants are not regulating attention well and that better measures of cognitive functioning in relation to effortful control may better show group differences.

scholarly journals Flying may not affect symptom recovery after concussion in Athletes

Neurology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (14 Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. S23.1-S23
Author(s):  
Tara Sharma ◽  
Julia Kerrigan ◽  
David McArthur ◽  
Thomas McAllister ◽  
Michael McCrea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
College Athletes ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Symptom Burden ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Time Zones ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

ObjectiveTo determine if there is a relationship between concussion recovery and airplane travel soon after injury in collegiate athletes and military cadets.BackgroundConcussions are a common occurrence in young athletes. Very few studies have examined how flying may influence the clinical progression of a concussive injury.Design/MethodsThis is a prospective cohort study comprised of 3480 college athletes and cadets with concussion obtained from the Concussion Assessment, Research and Education (CARE) Consortium and divided in two groups: those who flew and those who did not fly after concussion. Those with unknown flight status were excluded. Demographics between groups were compared using Chi Square analysis. Symptom burden was calculated by subtracting baseline Sports Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT3) symptom scores from the post-injury score after flying. Significance between outcome measures and flight status were evaluated using a paired t-test. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine if number of time zones crossed during flight influenced outcomes.Results165 athletes flew 31.8 ± 52.3 [SD] hours after injury, 2235 athletes did not fly, and 1080 had unknown flight status. There were no significant study group differences for age, sex, sport, history of prior concussion, and history of headache. No significant group differences were found in days to return to unrestricted play (p = 0.11), days after injury to start graded exertion (p = 0.50), duration of concussion symptoms (p = 0.23), days until return to normal academic performance (p = 0.75), and symptom burden (p = 0.47). Number of time zones crossed did not affect any outcomes.ConclusionsAirplane travel early after concussion did not significantly affect recovery or severity of concussion symptoms in college athletes and cadets. Further studies need to investigate the possible effects of flying more acutely after injury. These data may help guide future recommendations on flight travel after concussion in athletes.

scholarly journals The Viability of the Frequency Following Response Characteristics for use as Biomarkers of Cognitive Therapeutics in Schizophrenia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter E Clayson ◽  
Yash B. Joshi ◽  
Michael L. Thomas ◽  
Melissa Tarasenko ◽  
Andrew Bismark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Auditory Pathway ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Frequency Following Response ◽  
Excellent Internal Consistency

Deficits in early auditory information processing contribute to cognitive and psychosocial disability; this has prompted development of interventions that target low-level auditory processing, which may alleviate these disabilities. The frequency following response (FFR) is a constellation of event-related potential and frequency characteristics that reflect the processing of simple acoustic stimuli at the level of the brainstem and ascending portions of the auditory pathway. While FFR is a promising candidate biomarker of response to auditory-based cognitive training interventions, the psychometric properties of FFR in schizophrenia patients have not been studied. Here we assessed the internal consistency characteristics and magnitude of group differences across 18 different FFR parameters to determine which, if any, of these parameters demonstrate adequate internal consistency for use in intervention studies. Electroencephalography from 40 schizophrenia patients and 40 nonpsychiatric comparison subjects was recorded during rapid presentation of an auditory speech stimulus (6,000 trials). Patients showed normal response amplitudes but longer latencies for most FFR peaks and lower signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) than healthy subjects. Analysis of amplitude and latency estimates of peaks, however, indicated a need for a substantial increase in task length to obtain internal consistency estimates above .80. In contrast, excellent internal consistency (> .95) was shown for FFR sustained responses. Only SNR scores reflecting the FFR sustained response yielded significant group differences and excellent internal consistency, suggesting that this measure is a viable candidate for use in clinical treatment studies. The present study highlights the use of internal consistency estimates of FFR to guide future intervention studies interested in individual differences among patients.

scholarly journals Functional Hyperconnectivity during a Stories Listening Task in Magnetoencephalography Is Associated with Language Gains for Children Born Extremely Preterm

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1271
Author(s):  
Maria E. Barnes-Davis ◽  
Hisako Fujiwara ◽  
Georgina Drury ◽  
Stephanie L. Merhar ◽  
Nehal A. Parikh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parental Education ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Phase Lag ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Preterm Children ◽  
Language Representation ◽  
Extremely Preterm ◽  
History Of ◽  
Network Strength ◽  
Listening Task

Extreme prematurity (EPT, <28 weeks gestation) is associated with language problems. We previously reported hyperconnectivity in EPT children versus term children (TC) using magnetoencephalography (MEG). Here, we aim to ascertain whether functional hyperconnectivity is a marker of language resiliency for EPT children, validating our earlier work with a distinct sample of contemporary well-performing EPT and preterm children with history of language delay (EPT-HLD). A total of 58 children (17 EPT, 9 EPT-HLD, and 32 TC) participated in stories listening during MEG and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 4–6 years. We compared connectivity in EPT and EPT-HLD, investigating relationships with language over time. We measured fMRI activation during stories listening and parcellated the activation map to obtain “nodes” for MEG connectivity analysis. There were no significant group differences in age, sex, race, ethnicity, parental education, income, language scores, or language representation on fMRI. MEG functional connectivity (weighted phase lag index) was significantly different between groups. Preterm children had increased connectivity, replicating our earlier work. EPT and EPT-HLD had hyperconnectivity versus TC at 24–26 Hz, with EPT-HLD exhibiting greatest connectivity. Network strength correlated with change in standardized scores from 2 years to 4–6 years of age, suggesting hyperconnectivity is a marker of advancing language development.

scholarly journals Effect of Diagnosed Sleep Disorders on Baseline Concussion Symptom, Cognitive, and Balance Assessments in Collegiate Athletes

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 991-999
Author(s):  
Jamie McAllister-Deitrick ◽  
Alicia M. Trbovich ◽  
Steven P. Broglio ◽  
Michael McCrea ◽  
Thomas W. McAllister ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Sleep Disorder ◽  
Student Athletes ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Brief Symptom Inventory ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
History Of

Background: Symptoms, cognition, balance, and other domains are commonly assessed at baseline testing as part of comprehensive preseason evaluations among collegiate student-athletes. Although approximately 27% of college students have at least 1 sleep disorder, researchers have yet to examine the role of a preexisting sleep disorder on preinjury baseline performance. Purpose: To compare athletes with and without a reported history of diagnosed sleep disorders on commonly used baseline concussion assessments. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 666 National Collegiate Athletic Association student-athletes completed baseline measures including the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS), Brief Symptom Inventory–18 (BSI-18), Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT), Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS), Sport Concussion Assessment Tool–5th Edition (SCAT5), and Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC). There were 333 athletes with a history of diagnosed sleep disorders who were matched on age, sex, sport, and concussion history to 333 athletes with no history of diagnosed sleep disorders. Participants in both groups had a mean age of 19.89 ± 1.36 years and included 182 (54.7%) male athletes, and 126 (37.8%) reported a history of ≥1 concussions. Results: A series of 1-way analyses of covariance with Bonferroni corrections revealed significant group differences on the BESS (F1,559 = 8.88; P < .01); BSI-18 somatization (F1,640 = 18.48; P < .01), depression (F1,640 = 18.78; P < .01), anxiety (F1,640 = 19.42; P < .01), and global severity index (F1,640 = 27.18; P < .01); PCSS (F1,424 = 29.42; P < .01); SCAT5 symptom number (F1,634 = 28.79; P < .01) and symptom severity (F1,634 = 31.74; P < .01); and SAC (F1,578 = 4.36; P = .037). Specifically, while the sleep disorder group did perform better on the BESS, they also reported higher symptoms on the BSI-18, PCSS, and SCAT5 and performed worse on the SAC. There were no group differences on ImPACT performance. Conclusion: Collegiate student-athletes with diagnosed sleep disorders reported elevated affective and concussion symptoms at baseline that could affect the interpretation of postinjury impairments and symptoms. Based on the small effect sizes of our findings, however, the magnitude of these differences is of questionable clinical significance. Still, clinicians should consider diagnosed sleep disorders as reported during preparticipation sports physical examinations when interpreting baseline and postinjury concussion assessments.

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