Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the possibilities and determination of hot and warm forging of ultrahigh-strength steel 300M and subsequent quenching with accelerated air. Analysis of microstructure and mechanical properties of forged steel 300M focused on investigation of the effect of processing conditions on final properties, such as strength, impact strength and hardness, taking into consideration temperature gradients and within-part strain nonuniformity occurring in forging and direct cooling of aircraft landing gear.
Design/methodology/approach
The research involved semi-industrial physical modeling of hot deformation and direct cooling, aided with numerical analysis of both deformation and kinetics of phase transformations on cooling, with process conditions determined on the basis of numerical simulation of industrial process. Examination of forged and quench-tempered samples involved testing mechanical properties (tensile properties, hardness and impact strength) and microstructure.
Findings
Three major findings were arrived at: first, assessment of the effects of energy-saving method of cooling conducted directly after forging. Second, tensile properties, hardness and impact strength, were analyzed on the background of microstructure evolution during hot-forging and direct cooling; hence, applied temperature and cooling rates refer to actual condition of the material including varied deformation history. Third, the accelerated air cooling tests were carried out directly after forging with accurately measured and described cooling efficiency, which enabled the acquisition of data for heat treatment simulation with use of untypical cooling media.
Research limitations/implications
The conclusions formulated on the strenght of studies carried out in semi-industrial conditions with the use of model samples, despite strain and strain rate similarity, wait for full-scale verification in industrial conditions. The direct cooling tests carried out in semi-industrial conveyor Quenchtube are of cognitive value. Industrial realization of the process for the analyzed part calls for special construction of the cooling line and provision of higher cooling rate for heavy sections.
Practical implications
The results present microstructure properties’ relations for good-hardenability grade of steel, which is representative of several similar grades used in aircraft industry, which can support design of heat treatment (HT) cycles for similar parts, regardless of whether direct or conventional quenching is used. As they illustrate as-forged and direct-cooled microstructure and resultant mechanical properties, the studies concerning processing the steel of areas of lower temperature are transferable to warm forging processes of medium-carbon alloy steels. The geometry of the part analyzed in the case study is typical of landing gear of many aircrafts; hence, there is the high utility of the results and conclusions.
Social implications
The direct heat treatment technologies based on utilization of the heat attained in the part after forging allow significant energy savings, which besides cost-effectiveness go along with ecological considerations, especially in the light of CO2 emission reduction, improving economical balance and competitiveness. The presented results may encourage forgers to use direct cooling, making use of the heat attained in metal after hot forging, for applications to promote environmentally friendly heat treatment-related technologies.
Originality/value
Direct heat treatment typically seems to be reserved for micro alloyed steel grades and sections small enough for sufficient cooling rates. In this light, taking advantage of the heat attained in forged part for energy-saving method of cooling based on direct quenching as an alternative to traditional Q&T treatment used with application to relatively heavy sections is not common. Moreover, in case the warm-work range is reached in any portion of the forged part, effect of direct cooling on warm-forged material is addressed, which is a unique issue to be found in the related studies, whereas in addition to warm forging processes, the results can be transferable to coining, sizing or shot peening operations, where gradient of properties is expected.
Effect of heat-treatment on dynamic mechanical properties of W-Ni-Fe heavy alloys.
