scholarly journals The Effect of Different Types of Carbon Black on Thermal Characteristics of Shape Memory Natural Rubber Vulcanizate

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noor Maryam Setyadewi ◽  
Hesty Eka Mayasari
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
Rubber Vulcanizate ◽  
Different Types

Longitudinal Cracking in a Carbon Black Filled Natural Rubber Vulcanizate during Chemical Stress Relaxation

1998 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Hamed ◽  
J. Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Stress Relaxation ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Longitudinal Crack ◽  
Chemical Stress ◽  
Loading Direction ◽  
Rubber Vulcanizate ◽  
Edge Cracks ◽  
Forced Air ◽  
Oxidative Attack

Abstract Thin specimens of a black-filled, natural rubber vulcanizate have been held in uniaxial tension at 72°C and 200% elongation in a forced air oven. After substantial oxidative attack (inferred from stress relaxation), small edge cracks formed. Initially, these cracks grew perpendicular to the loading direction, but, upon reaching about 0.1 mm in depth, longitudinal crack growth commenced and fracture progressed by a kind of 0°-peel process with “splitting-off” of successive strands of rubber. This phenomenon is attributed to anisotropy in strength caused both by straining and by oxidative attack.

Influence of Chemical Structure on the Dynamic Properties of Sulfur-Vulcanized, Carbon Black-Reinforced Natural Rubber

1972 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 1051-1063 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Doyle ◽  
R. E. Humphreys ◽  
R. M. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Service Life ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Thermal Aging ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Rubber Vulcanizate ◽  
Operating Temperatures

Abstract A comparison is made of the composition and properties of the different rubber vulcanizate networks obtained by varying the ratio of sulfur to sulfenamide accelerator and by the thermal aging of vulcanizates containing predominantly polysulfide crosslinks. It is concluded that the changes in network structure which can take place, for example, during the service life of natural rubber tires are not the direct cause of failures of the type associated with rubber fatigue at high temperatures. However, a reduction in the total number of crosslinks can accelerate failure by increasing the amount of heat generated during flexing. More stable networks giving improved resistance to fatigue at high operating temperatures are obtained by the use of higher ratios of accelerator to sulfur than are conventionally employed.

Thermal destruction of carbon black network structure in natural rubber vulcanizate

2011 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 1300-1315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Kato ◽  
Toshiya Suda ◽  
Yuko Ikeda ◽  
Shinzo Kohjiya
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Thermal Destruction ◽  
Rubber Vulcanizate

Effect of modified carbon black on the properties of natural rubber vulcanizate

1997 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Ghosh ◽  
S. Maiti ◽  
B. Adhikari ◽  
G. S. Ray ◽  
S. K. Mustafi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Rubber Vulcanizate

Rupture of Rubber. IV. Tear Properties of Vulcanizates Containing Carbon Black

1957 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 584-595
Author(s):  
H. W. Greensmith
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Tear Properties

Abstract A method of studying tear behavior has been described in a previous paper (Part III, subsequently referred to as III), and was illustrated by results obtained with natural rubber and GR-S gum vulcanizates, i.e., vulcanizates containing no added ingredients apart from those necessary for vulcanization. In the present paper the method is applied to vulcanizates containing different types of carbon black. Vulcanizates of this type are of considerable interest, since the carbon black can appreciably modify physical properties such as stiffness and tensile strength and can induce pronounced anisotropy in tearing, referred to by Buist as knotty tearing.

Biaxial Fatigue Testing Of Vulcanizates

1961 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 506-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Gehman ◽  
P. Rohall ◽  
D. I. Livingston
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Fatigue Testing ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Biaxial Fatigue ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Extreme Probability ◽  
General Service

Abstract Extensive fatigue tests of vulcanizates of natural rubber and SBR were carried out using a cycle of alternate stretching in two perpendicular directions. It is shown that the data can be best handled statistically by assuming a lognormal distribution or by the use of extreme probability techniques. Illustrative results are given to compare the fatigue life of different types of SBR ; to show the value of the method for studying the effects of processing variations on fatigue life ; to determine the effect of various loadings of different types of carbon black; and to evaluate the effectiveness of anitoxidants and antiozonants. Exploratory tests using ozone instead of pinholes to initiate the failure eliminated the wide range in fatigue life between natural rubber and SBR, and in this respect gave a result which is more consistent with general service experience. This type of biaxial fatigue testing has many areas of usefulness for developing good endurance qualities in vulcanizates.

Relaxation Processes in Vulcanized Rubber. III. Relaxation at Large Strains and the Effect of Fillers

1963 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 697-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Gent
Keyword(s):  
Stress Relaxation ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Progressive Failure ◽  
Large Strains ◽  
Relaxation Processes ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Rubber Vulcanizate ◽  
Finite Extensibility ◽  
Creep And Stress Relaxation

Abstract Some experimental measurements are described of stress relaxation and creep at room temperatures in vulcanizates of natural rubber, butyl, and SBR. In an unfilled natural rubber vulcanizate the rate of stress relaxation is found to rise sharply for extensions of more than about 200%. Reasons are given for attributing this to the growth of a crystalline phase. Similar rates are observed at all extensions for a carbon black filled natural rubber vulcanizate. This is shown to be in satisfactory accord with the Mullins-Tobin model structure for filled vulcanizates, when the whole of the observed relaxation occurs in “softened” regions at rates appropriate to the high local deformations. The failure of rubber-carbon black associations with time does not appear to constitute a major relaxation process. In noncrystallizing unfilled vulcanizates the rate of relaxation is found to decrease somewhat with extension, possibly due to finite-extensibility effects. Preliminary measurements on a filled SBR vulcanizate suggest that a significant contribution to the observed relaxation arises from progressive failure of rubber-filler associations in this case. The relation derived previously between the rates of creep and stress relaxation at equivalent deformations is confirmed in all cases, within experimental error. Its validity in highly-irreversible systems is thus established experimentally.

Carbon Blacks in GR-S

1946 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Parkinson
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Styrene Copolymer ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
First Approximation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

Abstract The importance of different types of colloidal carbon as reinforcing agents for the butadiene-styrene copolymer, GR-S, has been stressed in recent papers. It has been shown that, to a first approximation, the effect of carbon blacks in this type of synthetic rubber is similar to that in natural rubber, but it has been shown also that the extremely low tensile strength and poor tearing properties of uncompounded vulcanized GR-S necessitates the addition of some form of carbon black to almost all types of compounds. The present paper considers the influence of carbon blacks in vulcanized GR-S compounds. Earlier papers have discussed the effect of carbon blacks in natural rubber.

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