scholarly journals A Technique to Screen American Beech for Resistance to the Beech Scale Insect (Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind.)

10.3791/51515 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Koch ◽  
David W. Carey
Keyword(s):  
Scale Insect ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Cryptococcus Fagisuga

scholarly journals Evaluation of Resistance to the Beech Scale Insect (Cryptococcus fagisuga) and Propagation of American Beech (Fagus grandifolia) by Grafting

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 163-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ramirez ◽  
J. Loo ◽  
M. J. Krasowski
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Total Resistance ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Insect Colonies ◽  
Cryptococcus Fagisuga

Abstract Scions collected from diseased trees and from those without symptoms of beech bark disease (BBD) were cleft-grafted in 2003 and 2004 onto rootstock of unknown resistance to BBD. Grafting success varied among genotypes and year (30% in 2003 and 12% in 2004), and improved with increasing rootstock diameter. Successful grafts were used to test resistance to the beech scale insect, Cryptococcus fagisuga (the initiating agent of BBD) by introducing eggs onto the bark of scions and allowing time for the emergence of all developmental stages of the insects. Significantly fewer insects colonized scions collected from putatively resistant trees than those collected from diseased trees. In some cases, where egg placement overlapped a portion of the rootstock, insect colonies developed on the rootstock but not on the scion collected from resistant trees. Occasionally, scions from putatively resistant trees were colonized, whereas some of those from diseased trees were not. When scions from putatively resistant trees were heavily colonized, only adult insects were present and no eggs or other life stages of the insect were found. The findings indicate that the extent of resistance to the scale insect (hence to BBD) ranges from partial to total resistance.

Nectria coccinea var. faginata. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
Maritime Provinces ◽  
Cryptococcus Fagisuga ◽  
Eastern Usa ◽  
Wet Weather

Abstract A description is provided for Nectria coccinea var. faginata. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Fagus grandifolia (beech) DISEASE: Beech bark disease in association with the scale insect Cryptococcus fagi[Cryptococcus fagisuga]. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Canadian Maritime Provinces and eastern USA (Maine, Massachussetts, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania) where it is reported to be spreading south (Shigo; 50, 1388). TRANSMISSION: By wind in cool wet weather; spores are discharged only in moist conditions but they may subsequently dry and be disseminated by wind.

scholarly journals Distribution of American Beech (Fagus grandifolia) and Beech Scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind.) in Michigan from 2005 to 2009

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Wieferich ◽  
Deborah G. McCullough ◽  
Daniel B. Hayes ◽  
Nancy J. Schwalm
Keyword(s):  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Lake Huron ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Upper Peninsula ◽  
Invasive Insect ◽  
Cryptococcus Fagisuga ◽  
Lower Peninsula

Abstract Beech scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind.) (Hemiptera; Coccidae), an invasive insect associated with beech bark disease, was discovered in 2000 in a localized area of northwest Lower Michigan and one area in the eastern Upper Peninsula. From 2005 to 2009, we surveyed 809 sites in 73 Michigan counties to determine whether American beech (Fagus grandifolia) trees were present and, if so, whether trees had been colonized by beech scale. Beech trees were present in 696 sites in forest, recreation, and residential areas. By 2009, beech scale had infested beech trees in 8 of 15 counties in the Upper Peninsula, 14 of 68 counties in the Lower Peninsula, one of three islands in Lake Michigan, and all three sampled islands in Lake Huron. Colonization of islands more than 20 km from infestations on the mainland suggest that beech scale was likely introduced by humans or birds. Rates of expansion of 12 discrete beech scale populations varied from 3.3 to 14.3 km per year.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Digital Photography for Quantifying Cryptococcus fagisuga (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae) Density on American Beech Trees

2013 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 1324-1330 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Wieferich ◽  
D. B. Hayes ◽  
D. G. Mccullough
Keyword(s):  
Digital Photography ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Cryptococcus Fagisuga

scholarly journals The First Report of Beech Bark Disease in Ohio Comes Nineteen Years After the First Report of the Initiating Scale

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. MacKenzie ◽  
A. J. Iskra
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
North America ◽  
West Virginia ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
American Beech ◽  
First Report ◽  
Disease Complex ◽  
Western Pennsylvania

Beech bark disease (BBD) is a two-part disease complex. It first requires the feeding of an initiating insect scale and is only fully developed when scale-altered bark becomes infected by one of two Neonectria species. In Ohio, there was a 19-year lag between discovery of the initiating scale insect and the development of BBD. In September 1984, the BBD-initiating scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind) was discovered in the Holden Arboretum, Geauga County, OH (2). Nineteen years later (December 2003), A. Iskra discovered the exotic BBD-causing fungus, Neonectria coccinea (Pers.:Fr.) Rossman & Samuels var faginata Lohman, Watson & Ayers, on American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) in the Holden Arboretum. In 1934, Erlich (1) reported that there was normally a delay of at least 1 year between the appearance of the scale and the first appearance of the Neonectria spp. fungus. In the years immediately after the first report of the scale in Ohio (2), pathologists and arboretum staff made frequent visits to the site in an attempt to find Neonectria spp. fruiting. After a decade of searching, these visits became more infrequent. However, it was on one of these visits that A. Iskra found the fungus. He found it on only four trees, none of which had the extensive bark cankering common in chronic Neonectria spp. infections. In North America, the two species of Neonectria that have been involved in BBD mortality are the native N. galligena (Bres.) Rossman & Samuels, or the exotic N. coccinea var faginata. In the absence of beech scale infestations, reports of the native N. galligena infecting American beech are few. Yet, in West Virginia, western Pennsylvania, Michigan, and possibly North Carolina, the fungus first associated with the killing front has been the native N. galligena and not the exotic variety, N. coccinea var faginata. To our knowledge, this is the first report of BBD in Ohio and it is unique because the associated fungus is the exotic variety. References: (1) J. Erlich. Can. J. Res. 10:593, 1934. (2) M. E. Mielke et al. Plant Dis. 69:905, 1985.

The scale insect Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) on citrus in Greece

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-97
Author(s):  
G.J. Stathas ◽  
Ch.F. Karipidis
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Instar Nymph ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Parthenogenetic Species

SummaryPhenology and parasitism of the scale insect, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae), infesting Citrus sinensis (Rutaceae), were studied in Papagou area, in northeastern Athens, from June 2015 to June 2017. Coccus pseudomagnoliarum is a univoltine, viviparous, parthenogenetic species. It overwintered as settled 1st instar nymph on the shoots of the trees. The 2nd instar nymphs appeared between the beginning of April and the end of May, and the mature females were recorded from the beginning of May until the middle of June. The crawlers appeared between the middle of May and the middle of June and the 1st instar nymphs settled on the shoots at the end of May, where they remained during the whole summer period, winter, until the beginning of April next year. Parasitism of the scale was recorded between the beginning of May and the middle of May and reached a maximum rate of 35%. The recorded parasitoid species were Coccophagus shillongensis Hayat and Singh (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), Coccophagus spp. and Metaphycus dispar (Mercet) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae).

Growth responses of seven major co-occurring tree species of the northeastern United States to elevated CO2

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1479-1484 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Bazzaz ◽  
J. S. Coleman ◽  
S. R. Morse
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
White Pine ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Harvard Forest ◽  
Paper Birch

We examined how elevated CO2 affected the growth of seven co-occurring tree species: American beech (Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh.), paper birch (Betulapapyrifera Marsh.), black cherry (Prunusserotina Ehrh.), white pine (Pinusstrobus L.), red maple (Acerrubrum L.), sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.), and eastern hemlock (Tsugacanadensis (L.) Carr). We also tested whether the degree of shade tolerance of species and the age of seedlings affected plant responses to enhanced CO2 levels. Seedlings that were at least 1 year old, for all species except beech, were removed while dormant from Harvard Forest, Petersham, Massachusetts. Seeds of red maple and paper birch were obtained from parent trees at Harvard Forest, and seeds of American beech were obtained from a population of beeches in Nova Scotia. Seedlings and transplants were grown in one of four plant growth chambers for 60 d (beech, paper birch, red maple, black cherry) or 100 d (white pine, hemlock, sugar maple) under CO2 levels of 400 or 700 μL•L−1. Plants were then harvested for biomass and growth determinations. The results showed that the biomass of beech, paper birch, black cherry, sugar maple, and hemlock significantly increased in elevated CO2, but the biomass of red maple and white pine only marginally increased in these conditions. Furthermore, there were large differences in the magnitude of growth enhancement by increased levels of CO2 between species, so it seems reasonable to predict that one consequence of rising levels of CO2 may be to increase the competitive ability of some species relative to others. Additionally, the three species exhibiting the largest increase in growth with increased CO2 concentrations were the shade-tolerant species (i.e., beech, sugar maple, and hemlock). Thus, elevated CO2 levels may enhance the growth of relatively shade-tolerant forest trees to a greater extent than growth of shade-intolerant trees, at least under the light and nutrient conditions of this experiment. We found no evidence to suggest that the age of tree seedlings greatly affected their response to elevated CO2 concentrations.

scholarly journals Genome assembly and methylome analysis of the white wax scale insect provides insight into sexual differentiation of metamorphosis in hexapods

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hang Chen ◽  
Qin Lu ◽  
Xiaoming Chen ◽  
Xiaofei Ling ◽  
Pengfei Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Assembly ◽  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Methylome Analysis ◽  
Insight Into
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