scholarly journals The First Report of Beech Bark Disease in Ohio Comes Nineteen Years After the First Report of the Initiating Scale

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. MacKenzie ◽  
A. J. Iskra
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
North America ◽  
West Virginia ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
American Beech ◽  
First Report ◽  
Disease Complex ◽  
Western Pennsylvania

Beech bark disease (BBD) is a two-part disease complex. It first requires the feeding of an initiating insect scale and is only fully developed when scale-altered bark becomes infected by one of two Neonectria species. In Ohio, there was a 19-year lag between discovery of the initiating scale insect and the development of BBD. In September 1984, the BBD-initiating scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind) was discovered in the Holden Arboretum, Geauga County, OH (2). Nineteen years later (December 2003), A. Iskra discovered the exotic BBD-causing fungus, Neonectria coccinea (Pers.:Fr.) Rossman & Samuels var faginata Lohman, Watson & Ayers, on American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) in the Holden Arboretum. In 1934, Erlich (1) reported that there was normally a delay of at least 1 year between the appearance of the scale and the first appearance of the Neonectria spp. fungus. In the years immediately after the first report of the scale in Ohio (2), pathologists and arboretum staff made frequent visits to the site in an attempt to find Neonectria spp. fruiting. After a decade of searching, these visits became more infrequent. However, it was on one of these visits that A. Iskra found the fungus. He found it on only four trees, none of which had the extensive bark cankering common in chronic Neonectria spp. infections. In North America, the two species of Neonectria that have been involved in BBD mortality are the native N. galligena (Bres.) Rossman & Samuels, or the exotic N. coccinea var faginata. In the absence of beech scale infestations, reports of the native N. galligena infecting American beech are few. Yet, in West Virginia, western Pennsylvania, Michigan, and possibly North Carolina, the fungus first associated with the killing front has been the native N. galligena and not the exotic variety, N. coccinea var faginata. To our knowledge, this is the first report of BBD in Ohio and it is unique because the associated fungus is the exotic variety. References: (1) J. Erlich. Can. J. Res. 10:593, 1934. (2) M. E. Mielke et al. Plant Dis. 69:905, 1985.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Resistance to the Beech Scale Insect (Cryptococcus fagisuga) and Propagation of American Beech (Fagus grandifolia) by Grafting

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 163-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ramirez ◽  
J. Loo ◽  
M. J. Krasowski
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Total Resistance ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Insect Colonies ◽  
Cryptococcus Fagisuga

Abstract Scions collected from diseased trees and from those without symptoms of beech bark disease (BBD) were cleft-grafted in 2003 and 2004 onto rootstock of unknown resistance to BBD. Grafting success varied among genotypes and year (30% in 2003 and 12% in 2004), and improved with increasing rootstock diameter. Successful grafts were used to test resistance to the beech scale insect, Cryptococcus fagisuga (the initiating agent of BBD) by introducing eggs onto the bark of scions and allowing time for the emergence of all developmental stages of the insects. Significantly fewer insects colonized scions collected from putatively resistant trees than those collected from diseased trees. In some cases, where egg placement overlapped a portion of the rootstock, insect colonies developed on the rootstock but not on the scion collected from resistant trees. Occasionally, scions from putatively resistant trees were colonized, whereas some of those from diseased trees were not. When scions from putatively resistant trees were heavily colonized, only adult insects were present and no eggs or other life stages of the insect were found. The findings indicate that the extent of resistance to the scale insect (hence to BBD) ranges from partial to total resistance.

scholarly journals First Report of Beech Leaf Disease, Caused by Litylenchus crenatae mccannii, on American Beech (Fagus grandifolia) in Virginia

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihail R. Kantor ◽  
Zafar Ahmad Handoo ◽  
Lynn Carta ◽  
Shiguang Li
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Fagus Crenata ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
American Beech ◽  
First Report ◽  
Leaf Disease ◽  
Foliar Nematode

Beech leaf disease (BLD) was first reported in 2012 in Lake County, Ohio on American beech trees (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.). Since then, it spread across the Northeastern United States and has been reported from Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Maine, West Virginia, and Ontario, Canada (Carta et al. 2020; Mara and LaMondia 2020, Reid et al. 2020). The symptoms of BLD are characterized by dark interveinal banding of leaves appearing soon after spring flush that become chlorotic and necrotic through autumn, resulting in canopy thinning in advanced stages, followed in some young trees by death. Litylenchus crenatae mccannii has similar morphological characteristics with Litylenchus crenatae (Kanzaki et al. 2019) reported on Fagus crenata from Japan. However that beech species has not shown BLD symptoms or yielded any L. crenatae mccannii in North America. There are several morphological differences between the two. The North American subspecies have shorter post-uterine sac, narrower body width in mature females, shorter tail in immature females, longer tail in mature females, and longer stylet in males when compared to the Japanese subspecies (Carta et al. 2020). BLD symptoms were found on American beech trees in Prince William Forest Park, Prince William County, Virginia in June, 2021. The affected leaves contained females, males, and juveniles with morphometrics consistent with L. crenatae mccannii (Carta et al. 2020). The crude genomic DNA from a live single Litylenchus was prepared with freeze-thaw lysis (Carta and Li, 2019). The ITS PCR were performed by using the procedures and primer set, ITS-CL-F2 and 28S-CL-R described in the previous study (Carta and Li, 2020). The visualization, the cleanup and the direct DNA sequencing of the PCR products were performed by using the procedures described in the previous studies (Carta and Li, 2018 and 2019). Sequences were submitted to GenBank as accessions MZ611855 and MZ611856. This represents the first report of BLD in Virginia. It is also approximately 300 miles south of the 2020 detection of BLD from New Cumberland, WV, and represents the southernmost detection of the disease and nematode in North America. The author(s) declare no conflict of interest. References Carta, L.K., Li, S. 2018. Improved 18S small subunit rDNA primers for problematic nematode amplification. Journal of Nematology. 50, 533-542. Carta, L.K., Li, S. 2019. PCR amplification of a long rDNA segment with one primer pair in agriculturally important nematodes. Journal of Nematology. 51, e2019-26. Carta, L.K., Li, S. 2020. Improvement of long segment ribosomal PCR amplification for the molecular taxonomic identification of Litylenchus crenatae mccannii in beech trees with beech leaf disease. Journal of Nematology. 52, e2020-016. Kanzaki, N., Ichihara, Y., Aikawa, T., Ekino, T., Masuya, H. 2019. Litylenchus crenatae n. sp. (Tylenchomorpha: Anguinidae), a leaf gall nematode parasitising Fagus crenata Blume Nematology 21 (1), 5-22. http://www.brill.com/nematology doi: 10.1163/15685411-00003190 Marra, R.E., LaMondia, J. 2020. First report of beech leaf disease, caused by the foliar nematode, Litylenchus crenatae mccannii, on American beech (Fagus grandifolia) in Connecticut. Plant Disease (early view). https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-20-0442-PDN Reed, S. E., Greifenhagen, S., Yu, Q., Hoke A., Burke D. J., Carta L. K., Handoo Z.A., Kantor, M.R., Koch, J. 2020. Foliar nematode, Litylenchus crenatae ssp. mccannii, population dynamics in leaves and buds of beech leaf disease-affected trees in Canada and the US. Forest Pathology 50 (3), e12599.

scholarly journals Interference to Hardwood Regeneration in Northeastern North America: Ecological Characteristics of American Beech, Striped Maple, and Hobblebush

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph D. Nyland ◽  
Amy L. Bashant ◽  
Kimberly K. Bohn ◽  
Jane M. Verostek
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Northeastern North America ◽  
A Site ◽  
Palatable Species

Abstract Several woody species may inhibit regeneration of desirable northern hardwoods. This includes a dense understory of American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) that commonly occurs in stands infected with beech bark disease. Root injuries during logging and by natural causes alsopromote new suckers that, along with some stump sprouts, often maintain or increase the abundance of beech saplings. Additionally, browsing deer primarily bypass beech in favor of more palatable species. Where any of these factors has resulted in a dense understory of small beech, overstorycutting will promote its development, increase ground-level shading, and lead to a site conversion to beech. Similarly, striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum L.) often interferes with hardwood regeneration after overstory cutting. This species persists in heavy shade, grows rapidly afterrelease, and produces abundant seed. When dense, striped maple may interfere with the regeneration of other species. Hobblebush (Viburnum alnifolium Marsh.), a shrub, reproduces by rhizomes to form thickets when damaged during overstory cutting. Heavy shade by these thickets may preventregeneration of trees. This review summarizes characteristics of these three species with respect to their interference with desirable hardwoods in northeastern North America. It highlights the limited information about striped maple and hobblebush, and the abundance of sources that deal withAmerican beech.

scholarly journals First Report of Beech Bark Disease in Michigan

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (8) ◽  
pp. 921-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. O'Brien ◽  
M. E. Ostry ◽  
M. E. Mielke ◽  
R. Mech ◽  
R. L. Heyd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Personal Communication ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Beech Bark Disease ◽  
Upper Peninsula ◽  
First Report ◽  
Recreation Areas ◽  
Lower Peninsula ◽  
Lake Site

Beech bark disease of American beech (Fagus grandifolia) is caused by the interaction of an introduced scale insect (Cryptococcus fagisuga) and the native fungus Nectria galligena, or N. coccinea var. faginata, which is thought to be introduced. Infestations of the insect precede development of the disease, and N. galligena is often found before N. coccinea var. faginata. Previously published records indicate that the beech scale extends as far west as eastern Ohio (2) and southern Ontario (Sajan, personal communication). The scale is now well established in several locations in both the Upper Peninsula (UP) and Lower Peninsula (LP) of Michigan. The scale insect has been found in beech stands throughout three counties (Oceana, Mason, and Muskegon) along the Lake Michigan shore in the LP, extending for at least 100 km from north to south, and occurring up to about 80 km inland. In the eastern UP, beech scale has been found in four counties (Alger, Chippewa, Luce, and Schoolcraft). The heaviest beech scale infestations are distributed around Ludington State Park in the west central LP and the Bass Lake Forest Campground in the eastern UP. The extent of the insect infestation suggests that it has been present in Michigan for many years, with anecdotal accounts placing the first observations of beech scale at Ludington State Park around 1990. These infection centers are distant from previously known beech scale infestations and are located in heavily used recreation areas, suggesting that the insect may have been transported by human activity. Perithecia of N. coccinea var. faginata were found in Ludington State Park in the LP at N 44° 1.951', W 86° 29.956' and perithecia of N. galligena were found at the Bass Lake site in the UP, at N 46° 27.748', W 85° 42.478'. The identity of the fungi collected from each location was confirmed by measurements of perithecium and ascospore morphology (1). Perithecia at both sites were scarce and difficult to find. Surveys planned for the summer and fall of 2001 will further delimit the occurrence and distribution of the pathogens involved in the disease in Michigan. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the beech scale and beech bark disease in Michigan, with N. galligena and N. coccinea var. faginata identified as the pathogens. References: (1) H. V. T. Cotter and R. O. Blanchard. Plant Dis. 65:332–334, 1981. (2) M. E. Mielke et al. Plant Dis. 69:905, 1985.

Diarimella laurentidae anam.: sp.nov. from Quebec

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
pp. 2037-2041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Vujanovic ◽  
Marc St-Arnaud ◽  
Peterjürgen Neumann ◽  
J André Fortin
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Fungus Species ◽  
First Report ◽  
Ecological Reserve ◽  
A New Species

Diarimella laurentidae, a new species occurring on dead bark and decorticated twigs of American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), is reported from the Muir's Wood ecological reserve, located in the centre of the Haut-Saint-Laurent region in the province of Quebec. Diarimella laurentidae is characterized by stromatic, pulvinate, black, setose fructifications composed of a basal stroma of textura angularis, a brown peripheral wall of textura porrecta, conidiomatal setae of two types, and unicellular multisetulate conidia. Its relationships with described Diarimella species is discussed. This is the first report of a species of Diarimella from North America.Key words: Diarimella laurentidae, new fungus species, coelomycete, Fagus grandifolia.

Hypocreopsis rhododendri. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Cannon
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
North America ◽  
West Virginia ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Corylus Avellana ◽  
Moscow Oblast ◽  
Vernacular English

Abstract A description is provided for Hypocreopsis rhododendri, which is considered to be a superficial parasite of Hymenochaetopsis corrugata (as Hymenochaete corrugata and Pseudochaete corrugata), itself a broad-spectrum wood-rotting species most typically found associated with Corylus avellana (hence 'hazel gloves', the vernacular English name of Hypocreopsis rhododendri). Some information on its habitat, dispersal and transmission, and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (North America (USA (Maine, Maryland, North Carolina, Tennessee, West Virginia)), Europe (France, Ireland, Russia (Moscow Oblast), Spain, UK)).

Ophiomyia kwansonis. [Distribution map].

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
North America ◽  
West Virginia ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
New Distribution ◽  
Distribution In Europe

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Ophiomyia kwansonis Sasakawa. Diptera: Agromyzidae. Hosts: daylily (Hemerocallis). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Slovenia), Asia (Jpana, Honshu, Taiwan), North America (USA, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia).

Venturia acerina. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Schubert
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
North America ◽  
West Virginia ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Airborne Conidia

Abstract A description is provided for Venturia acerina. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Leaf spot. HOSTS: Species of Acer (Aceraceae) including A. rubrum, A. saccharinum, A. saccharum and A. spicatum. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA: Canada (New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Ontario), USA (Michigan, North Carolina, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin). TRANSMISSION: Possibly by airborne conidia.

scholarly journals Preharvest Manual Herbicide Treatments for Controlling American Beech in Central West Virginia

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey D. Kochenderfer ◽  
James N. Kochenderfer ◽  
David A. Warner ◽  
Gary W. Miller
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Area Reduction ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
Four Levels

Abstract Application costs and efficacy were determined for manual preharvest herbicide treatments applied to control American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) that was interfering with the establishment and development of black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) in central West Virginia. The treatments consisted of four levels of basal area reduction using combinations of two application methods: hack-and-squirt injection with Accord (41.5%) and basal spraying with Garlon 4 (61.6% butoxyethyl ester). The treatments were applied in late Aug. 2000 and evaluated 12 months after treatment. A numerical rating system ranging from 1 to 7 (0–100% crown affected), based on a visual estimation of top kill, was used to evaluate the efficacy of each treatment. Trees receiving a rating of 5 (75% crown control) or greater were considered controlled. After 12 months, almost complete control (99%) was achieved with both application methods. Injection of ≥6.0-in. dbh beech stems also controlled 52% and 21.6% of small untreated beech understory stems in the 2-ft tall to 0.9-in. dbh and 1.0- to 5.9-in. dbh classes, respectively. Average application costs (chemical and labor) ranged from $39.28/ac for injection of 159 stems/ac ≥6 in. dbh to $80.32/ac for basal spraying 396 stems/ac in the 1.0- to 5.9-in. dbh class and $230.09/ac for basal spraying 3,743 stems/ac in the 2-ft tall to 0.9-in. dbh class. Basal spraying the numerous small 2-ft tall to 0.9-in. dbh stems dramatically increased treatment costs. Black cherry occupied 30% of total stand basal area and accounted for 91% of total stand value ($6,288.10/ac). Application costs expressed as a percentage of total stand value ranged from <1% for the injection-only treatment up to 6.5% for combination basal spray and injection treatments. The individual stem herbicide application methods described here are applicable to the steep topography and small nonindustrial ownerships found in Appalachia.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document