A Kòd Noua [Black Code/Cord] to tie up little pigs

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-20
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Investors ◽  
Saint Domingue ◽  
Haitian Creole ◽  
Slave Society ◽  
Marxist Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
French Colonial ◽  
Black Code ◽  
The Revolution

The second chapter of Ti difé boulé explores the history of the infamous French colonial Code Noir, or Black Code, of 1685 and how it operated on slave society. With Grinn Prominnin arriving to discuss colonial times in Saint-Domingue, the book presents an outline of the hierarchies of power within the former French colony. The Black Code buttressed white plantation owners, the French commissioners, businessmen and foreign investors at the expense of the enslaved people who were permanently trapped in apocalyptic conditions. Trouillot conveys a Marxist analysis of the contradictions in the colonial system—ones that foreshadow the predatory reflexes of the Haitian state in the society that arose following the revolution (post-1804). Providing a broad panorama, the chapter argues that the enslaved population resiliently forged the Haitian Creole language and Vodou religion, forming, for Trouillot, the two great coherencies that form the bedrock of subsequent Haitian resistance. While Creole and Vodou represent the surging enslaved proletariat, Trouillot describes the forced conversion of enslaved people to Catholicism as a means of “easing” the consciences of colonists. The final sections explore the Black Code’s carefully calibrated delineations between enslaved people, black and mulatto freedman, and whites. Trouillot riffs on the interplay between the term kòd, which means both “code” and “cord”, to capture the dynamics of legal strangulation that the Black Code put into place. Like a kite in a hurricane, the enslaved people were finally able to slit the Code/cord that kept them in bondage in 1791, the year that sparked the revolution.

Sugar Plantations in the French West Indies

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth G. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Historical Archaeology ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
West Indies ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Public Monuments ◽  
Saint Domingue ◽  
History Of ◽  
French Colonial ◽  
Official Recognition

The French West Indian colonial possessions of Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Saint Domingue were among the most valuable overseas European colonies due to the production of the tropical commodities of coffee, cocoa, and in particular, sugar. The crops were raised on plantations through the labor of hundreds of thousands of enslaved Africans and their descendants between the mid 17th century and the mid 19th century. In spite of the importance of this heritage to the history of the French colonial enterprise, and more importantly, the history of the descendant populations, commemoration of this chapter of history has only recently begun. This commemoration includes public monuments, official recognition, and archaeological research. Historical archaeology contributes a perspective that sheds light on otherwise undocumented or poorly-documented aspects of the slavery era, such as the organization of villages, the housing within them, and the ways in which enslaved people saw to their needs for food.

scholarly journals Viral Events: Epidemiology, Ecology and the Outbreak of Modern Sovereignty // Eventos virales: Epidemiología, ecología y la irrupción de la soberanía moderna

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-132
Author(s):  
Carlos Fonseca Suárez
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Haitian Revolution ◽  
Political Subject ◽  
Ecological History ◽  
Saint Domingue ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Haitian Revolution ◽  
History Books ◽  
The Revolution

      Like most revolutionary processes, the history of the Haitian revolution has typically been narrated from the perspective of revolutionary heroes. Whether as the feat of Toussant L’Ouverture, Francois Macandal or Jean-Jacques Dessalaines, historians have often tried to encapsulate the revolution within the narrow margins of human causality. In this article, I attempt to sketch the contours of another possible history: an ecological history in which the feats of the revolutionary heroes give way to the radical power of nature. By focusing on the role that two epidemic phenomena—yellow fever and mesmerism—had within the revolution, I attempt to show how the emergence of an “epidemiological discourse” proved to be fundamental for imagining the outbreak of modern sovereignty as it occurred in Saint-Domingue. Drawing on the ecological history of the Greater Caribbean and the routes of exchange that determined the historical development of its radical environment, the article attempts to imagine what an ecocritical history of the revolutionary process could look like. It lays out a political cartography unlike that which one usually encounters in history books, following a mosquito in its route from Africa to America and retracing the way in which a European pseudo-science—mesmerism—arrived from France to America. The epidemiological discourse surrounding both yellow fever and mesmerism reveals the emergence of a new sociological language capable of figuring the crisis of imperial modes of sovereignty as well as the emergence of new modes of radical subjectivity. Departing from the works Deleuze and Guattari, but also in dialogue with recent debates in ecocriticism, the significance of the Haitian Revolution is reconsidered in its relationship to the emergence of sociology as a language capable of explaining the emergence of the modern political subject par excellence: the modern multitude. Resumen      Como la mayoría de los procesos revolucionarios, la historia de la revolución haitiana usualmente ha sido narrada desde la perspectiva histórica de los héroes revolucionarios. Ya sea como la épica de Toussant L’Ouverture, Francois Macandal o Jean-Jacques Dessalaines, los historiadores han intentado encapsular la revolución dentro de los márgenes de la causalidad humana. En este artículo, intento esbozar los contornos de otra posible historia: una historia ecológica en la que las hazañas de los héroes revolucionarios ceden el escenario al poder radical de la naturaleza. Mediante una articulación del rol que dos fenómenos epidémicos—la fiebre amarilla y el mesmerismo—tuvieron dentro de la revolución, intento demostrar cómo la aparición de un “discurso epidemiológico” demostró ser fundamental en el proceso de crisis de soberanía imperial que ocurrió en Saint-Domingue. Investigando tanto la historia ecológica del Gran Caribe como las rutas de intercambio que determinaron la radicalización de su atmósfera política, el artículo intenta imaginar una historia ecocrítica del proceso revolucionario. A través de una cartografía de las rutas transatlánticas de circulación de un mosquito, así como del desembarco en América de una pseudociencia—el mesmerismo—el artículo esboza una historiografía política distinta. Se escudriña el discurso epidemiológico que giraba en torno tanto a la fiebre amarilla como al mesmerismo en relación con el surgimiento de un nuevo discurso sociológico capaz de representar la crisis de los modelos imperiales de soberanía y el surgimiento de nuevas subjetividades radicales. Partiendo de los trabajos de Deleuze y Guattari, pero también en conversación con los recientes debates sobre la ecocrítica, el significado de la Revolución Haitiana es reconsiderado en relación con el surgimiento de la sociología como el idioma del sujeto moderno por excelencia: la multitud.

scholarly journals The depreciation of haitian creole and haitian code switching

revistapuce ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Pierre
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
West African ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Slave Rebellion ◽  
Haitian Creole ◽  
History Of ◽  
Official Languages ◽  
The Revolution

The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of Haitian code-switching, as a diglossic country, and Haitian Creole depreciation. as the native language of Haiti. The history of the Haitian Creole language developed by enslaved west African, in the plantation of the Island during the slave rebellion for the revolution, after several attempts conspiring for their freedom. After the disembarkation of the French Colony, in the Island where they settled from 1659 until 1804, French has become the language of dominance. It was the language of the  masters´ plantations. These two languages have remained the official languages of Haiti, where Haitian people Code-switch when using either French or Haitian Creole. However, Creole has become the language of depreciation, or using another term for it, a marginalized language.  In this study a qualitative and descriptive analysis have been carried out, through social media,such as:  Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, and You-Tube, which were used to collect data on Haitian code-switching, by means of the observation of one of the Haitian Ex-presidents, Mr. Joseph Michel Martelly, who is also a famous singer. Some video links will be provided to observe the president Michel Martelly´s  code-switching, in different situations, such as: the debate with his opponent Mme Mirlande Hyppolite Manigat, in 2011, before he won the election; interviews with national and international journalists about political and artistic movement; and his performance on stage as a singer.

From Louisiana to Saint-Domingue and from Saint-Domingue to Louisiana

2019 ◽  
pp. 498-514
Author(s):  
Cécile Vidal
Keyword(s):  
New Orleans ◽  
Racial Formation ◽  
Transnational History ◽  
Atlantic History ◽  
National History ◽  
Atlantic Studies ◽  
Saint Domingue ◽  
Slave Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Caribbean

The conclusion explains how this book, by reconsidering the interplay of slavery and race in French New Orleans under the influence of Saint-Domingue, has proposed an alternative way of understanding how an urban slave society operated and what it meant for a slave society to become racialized. It has also tried to better fulfill the promises of Atlantic history. Like other kinds of transnational history, Atlantic studies were conceived of as a way to move away from the primacy of the present-day nation state as a unit of analysis and from the tendency toward exceptionalism inherent to national history, but this historiographical field has not yet succeeded in fully escaping from a North-American-centric perspective. At stake is the recovery of the place the Caribbean occupied within the early Atlantic world as well as the development of a comparative and connected history of racial formation as a sociopolitical process in the Americas.

Vanguard of the Revolution

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. James McAdams
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
North Korea ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Revolution

This book is a sweeping history of one of the most significant political institutions of the modern world. The communist party was a revolutionary idea long before its supporters came to power. The book argues that the rise and fall of communism can be understood only by taking into account the origins and evolution of this compelling idea. It shows how the leaders of parties in countries as diverse as the Soviet Union, China, Germany, Yugoslavia, Cuba, and North Korea adapted the original ideas of revolutionaries like Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin to profoundly different social and cultural settings. The book is essential reading for anyone seeking to understand world communism and the captivating idea that gave it life.

ABCs of the Revolution

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-291
Author(s):  
Egor A. Yesyunin
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
Development History ◽  
The People ◽  
Red Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Revolution

The article is devoted to the satirical agitation ABCs that appeared during the Civil War, which have never previously been identified by researchers as a separate type of agitation art. The ABCs, which used to have the narrow purpose of teaching children to read and write before, became a form of agitation art in the hands of artists and writers. This was facilitated by the fact that ABCs, in contrast to primers, are less loaded with educational material and, accordingly, they have more space for illustrations. The article presents the development history of the agitation ABCs, focusing in detail on four of them: V.V. Mayakovsky’s “Soviet ABC”, D.S. Moor’s “Red Army Soldier’s ABC”, A.I. Strakhov’s “ABC of the Revolution”, and M.M. Cheremnykh’s “Anti-Religious ABC”. There is also briefly considered “Our ABC”: the “TASS Posters” created by various artists during the Second World War. The article highlights the special significance of V.V. Mayakovsky’s first agitation ABC, which later became a reference point for many artists. The authors of the first satirical ABCs of the Civil War period consciously used the traditional form of popular prints, as well as ditties and sayings, in order to create images close to the people. The article focuses on the iconographic connections between the ABCs and posters in the works of D.S. Moor and M.M. Cheremnykh, who transferred their solutions from the posters to the ABCs.

‘The greatest irregular’

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Scurr
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Thomas Carlyle ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dramatic Narrative ◽  
The French Revolution ◽  
The Revolution

Thomas Carlyle claimed that his history of the French Revolution was ‘a wild savage book, itself a kind of French Revolution …’. This chapter considers his stylistic approaches to creating the illusion of immediacy: his presentation of seemingly unmediated fact through the transformation of memoir and other kinds of historical record into a compelling dramatic narrative. Closely examining the ways in which he worked biographical anecdote into the fabric of his text raises questions about Carlyle’s wider historical purposes. Pressing the question of what it means to think through style, or to distinguish expressive emotive writing from abstract understanding, is an opportunity to reconsider Carlyle’s relation to his predecessors and contemporaries writing on the Revolution in English.

The Trouble with Foreign Investor Protection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gus Van Harten
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Foreign Investor ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Massive Growth ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
History Of ◽  
Legal Foundations

Governments are rightly discussing reform of investment treaties, and of the powerful system of ‘investor–state dispute settlement’ (ISDS) upon which they rest. It is therefore important to be clear about the crux of the problem. ISDS treaties are flawed fundamentally because they firmly institute wealth-based inequality under international law. That is, they use cross-border ownership of assets, mostly by multinationals and billionaires, as the gateway to extraordinary protections, while denying equivalent safeguards to those who lack the wealth required to qualify as foreign investors. The treaties thus have the main effect of safeguarding an awe-inspiring set of rights and privileges for the ultra-wealthy at the expense of countries and their populations. This book shows how ISDS came to explode in a global context of extreme concentration of wealth and of widespread poverty. The history of early ISDS treaties is highlighted to show their ties to decolonization and, sometimes, extreme violence and authoritarianism. Focusing on early ISDS lawsuits and rulings reveals how a small group of lawyers and arbitrators worked to create the legal foundations for massive growth of ISDS since 2000. ISDS-based protections are examined in detail to demonstrate how they give exceptional advantages to the wealthy. Examples are offered of how the protections have been used to reconfigure state decision making and shift sovereign minds in favour of foreign investors. Finally, the ongoing efforts of governments to reform ISDS are surveyed, with a call to go further or, even better, to withdraw from the treaties.

JOHN DARBY AND THE WHIG CANON

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
JOSEPH HONE
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
History Of The Book ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Revolution

Abstract Through a co-ordinated series of publications in the final years of the seventeenth century, a diverse set of commonwealth texts was entrenched into the canon of whig political thought. This article explores that canon through the lens of the history of the book. A key figure in the formation of this canon was the printer and bookseller John Darby. This article reconstructs Darby's role in the commonwealth opposition to the perceived failures of the Williamite revolution. Using bibliographical methods to establish his output, it shows that from the earliest days of the revolution Darby reprinted a broad range of historic whig texts, ranging from works of history and memoir to collections of poems. These texts provided a language, a rationale, and a model for opposition activity. He also manufactured pamphlets that adapted country principles to contemporary political circumstances. By shifting the focus from John Toland to his printer, the article suggests that the canonical whig texts were one part of a much broader and more ambitious programme to establish an historic canon of oppositional literature.

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