MILITARY CONTEXT AND ITS INFLUENCE IN WOMEN’S LANGUAGE

According to Tusón (2016), there are two different discursive styles: a female style and a male style. Both of them have been adapted due to the roles that women and men have, historically, played in society. Nevertheless, Lakoff (1981) concludes that this fact happens because of the frequency rather than total presence or absence. This difference is more evident in fields that once were reserved only for men. This is the reason why, this article attempts to determine, whether a higher frequency of women dabbling in military environments influences female language, through aspects, such as: military training, belonging, biases, vernacular forms, among others. On the other hand, the investigations of Coates (1996) and Holmes (1995) conclude that the more polite character of female speech is positively valued as a communicative ability, which shows sensitivity towards the listener's needs. Thus, this descriptive research, which collected data by means of recorded interviews and surveys. will allow us to analyze the usefulness of women's language skills in Ecuadorian military contexts. Finally, this research highlights some aspects that might be taken into account by women who would like to join the military in the future, providing them with useful guidelines that might contribute to a better mainstreaming.

Male linguistic patterns adopted by Ana Cristina Vera

Several communities have taken gender as a fundamental element in the establishment of linguistic patterns. This is the case of the masculine linguistic style, traditionally considered appropriate for correct development in the public sphere. Despite adapting to changes in the social world, the study of these patterns constitutes a starting point for a contextual analysis of gender linguistic characteristics. This article describes the linguistic varieties based on the socio-cultural context of Ana Vera’s communities of practice; a member of the feminist group Surkuna; an organization that watches over the well-being of women; and girls criminalized for having abortions. Their linguistic development is studied in defense of the non-criminalization of abortion due to rape, in a debate proposed by the newspaper “El Comercio”, facing Carlos Arsenio, representative of pro-life groups. Ana uses male linguistic patterns in similar situations as Carlos, mainly, when she seeks to emphasize; provides data: and defends her speaking time. However, the presence of linguistic patterns, related to collectivity and solidarity, is denoted when describing other women's reality, facing criminalization and rejection. This is an example of the interaction between gender language patterns in a public setting.

The depreciation of haitian creole and haitian code switching

The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of Haitian code-switching, as a diglossic country, and Haitian Creole depreciation. as the native language of Haiti. The history of the Haitian Creole language developed by enslaved west African, in the plantation of the Island during the slave rebellion for the revolution, after several attempts conspiring for their freedom. After the disembarkation of the French Colony, in the Island where they settled from 1659 until 1804, French has become the language of dominance. It was the language of the masters´ plantations. These two languages have remained the official languages of Haiti, where Haitian people Code-switch when using either French or Haitian Creole. However, Creole has become the language of depreciation, or using another term for it, a marginalized language. In this study a qualitative and descriptive analysis have been carried out, through social media,such as: Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, and You-Tube, which were used to collect data on Haitian code-switching, by means of the observation of one of the Haitian Ex-presidents, Mr. Joseph Michel Martelly, who is also a famous singer. Some video links will be provided to observe the president Michel Martelly´s code-switching, in different situations, such as: the debate with his opponent Mme Mirlande Hyppolite Manigat, in 2011, before he won the election; interviews with national and international journalists about political and artistic movement; and his performance on stage as a singer.

ENGLISH – TRIGEDASLENG CODE-SWITCHING IN THE CW SERIES “THE 100”

The present article deals with the issue of establishing the characters' reasons or motivations for code-switching between English and the constructed language, Trigedasleng, in the American TV series “The 100”. To accomplish this objective, a sample of six episodes issued from seasons 2 and 3 of the series, have been analyzed using an observational approach. The qualitative analysis has considered the different situations, contexts. and functions where each linguistic code is used. The results revealed that the major causes for such alternation include affective and strategic functions in situational and conversational environments, where English and Trigedasleng are assigned a specific place. It has also been observed, however, that the screenplay allowed the characters, bilingual or not, to use both languages indistinctly to evidence the speakers' linguistic resourcefulness as well as to provoke different reactions in the TV audience as has been determined by the developer and screenwriters of the series.

Análisis del discurso de Monserrath Astudillo

La sociolingüística es la disciplina que se encarga del estudio de un idioma en relación con la sociedad. Uno de los aspectos que abarca este campo es la diferencia de la lengua de acuerdo al género. Hombres y mujeres tienen una distinta manera de hablar. En efecto, un estereotipo generalizado describe que los hombres tienden a utilizar un vocabulario vernáculo más frecuentemente que las mujeres. Se desarrolló una investigación descriptiva y cualitativa mediante observación no participante que consistió en el análisis del habla de la actriz ecuatoriana Monserrath Astudillo en seis diferentes vídeos desde la plataforma YouTube. En gran parte de la investigación, la teoría coincide con los resultados. Sin embargo, se hicieron interesantes descubrimientos que mostraban que la mencionada actriz posee ciertas características lingüísticas que no concuerdan con la mayoría de mujeres. En varios vídeos se aprecia cómo Monserrath usa un vocabulario vernáculo espontáneamente y cómo utiliza muchísimo lenguaje corporal, lo cual no es muy común en las mujeres. También se observa que su discurso es frontal, sin usar modismos para suavizar sus oraciones. Se concluye que las características del trabajo de Astudillo y los guiones que maneja influyen, de alguna manera, en su habla.

The language of Maria Paula Romo and Otto Sonnenholzner during the first month of the pandemic

There are many differences between women’s language and men’s language. This continues to be a topic of interest for researchers. Information obtained from investigators has proven that women have their own language, which differs and it is seen as inferior tot men´s language. This study analyzes and describes the differences in the language of two political figures in Ecuador, María Paula Romo and Otto Sonnenholzner, during the early stages of the pandemic, caused by COVID-19. Based on the observations made on a set of YouTube videos, from interviews and public statements, between March 12th and April 11th, 2020; and through a descriptive analysis, a remark was written, regarding the distinctive elements of gender in speech and language of the aforementioned politicians. The results seem to indicate that, in this particular scenario, people who watched the videos preferred Sonnenholzner’s interventions more than Romo’s ones. This was based on the number of likes and views on each one of the videos. This could also be related to the presence of many characteristics of women’s language in their speech, and also to the use of conversational strategies by Sonnenholzner, whicht reinforce the demonstration of power over women through speech.

Fossilized Gender Bias

No woman has everbeen elected President of the United States. Despite historic breakthroughs by female politicians, shattering the ultimate glass ceiling is still an elusive feat. The purpose of this study is to analyze the extent to which gender bias influences the U.S. presidential election process. Its aim is also to measure the sociolinguistic impact of negative stereotypes of women in the country’s political culture. In gathering the research, the study examined the 2016 U.S. presidential race which featured Hillary Clinton. The veteran public servant ran against a male opponent who had no political experience. Donald Trump’s stunning victory shocked the world. It also re-kindled a public dispute about systemic gender discrimination in U.S. politics. This research investigation is a descriptive analysis of gender-specific political debates and discourses featured in TV documentaries, news media coverage, as well as in YouTube videos. The inquiry also examines the impact of Hollywood movies that depict a fictional narrative on political gender bias, generating the question: “Is art imitating or reshaping life?” Evidence from the study points to fossilized cultural prejudice against female politicians who aspire to the nation’s highest levels of government. A fair and measured conclusion can also be drawn, which is that such embedded gender bias continues to reinforce outmoded norms, notions, and assumptions about the role of female politicians. But things could radically shift sooner than later. U.S. citizens get a chance to vote for or against a woman who is on the 2020 democratic ticket as presidential nominee Joe Biden’s running mate. If the democrats prevail, this female candidate, Kamala Harris, would be a heartbeat away from the most powerful political position in the world.

La Economía solidaria: ¿Un discurso aglutinador o la posible expresión de un “contramovimiento”?

El estudio de aquella parte de la economía que ha sido excluida del enfoque económico ortodoxo usualmente encuentra asidero en las propuestas económicas alternativas derivadas del trabajo seminal de Karl Polanyi, quien analiza la necesidad de “reincrustar” la economía en la sociedad, de cara a los devastadores efectos que han tenido el surgimiento y la consolidación de la economía de mercado; al tiempo que estudia la conformación de una respuesta desde de la sociedad civil a los excesos de la misma, a la que llama ‘contramovimiento’. Sobre dicha base, y con un necesario matiz basado en las particularidades históricas, económicas y políticas de la región latinoamericana, se analiza en qué medida la economía solidaria podría, además de constituir un discurso aglutinador, pasar a representar un contramovimiento, al canalizar la búsqueda de transformación social a través de prácticas económicas alternativas en el Ecuador, en un contexto en que los modelos neoliberales de desarrollo basados en el crecimiento económico y el desmantelamiento del Estado perpetúan la exclusión y la falta de representatividad social real. Mediante una serie de entrevistas a actores clave, sustentadas en revisión documental, se llega a determinar algunos elementos indispensables para el desafío que la acción colectiva organizada bajo el discurso de la economía solidaria aún representa en el país, para poder pensarse como un contramovimiento.

ESTABLECIMIENTO DE NORMAS PARA UN BUEN USO DE LA COMUNICACIÓN INTERNA Y SU IMPACTO EN LA SA-TISFACCIÓN DEL CLIENTE

En este artículo se propone demostrar la relevancia que tiene la aplicación de una comunicación eficaz dentro de la empresa, para los colaboradores y clientes, con la cual se pueda llegar a su mapa interno. Con este fin, nos proponemos estudiar bibliografía de los últimos años especializada en la temática, para comprender las necesidades y reacciones de los colaboradores frente a la comunicación organizacional y también la captación de los clientes por medio de ello. Se desea saber si realmente se puede captar clientes por medio de un mayor cuidado de los derechos humanos de los trabajadores. En conclusión, se visualiza la relevancia de poder establecer mecanismos de motivación y comunicación eficaz con los trabajadores, para que pueda repercutir en el cumplimiento de las aspiraciones de los clientes.

APRENDIZAJE BASADO EN PROBLEMAS: UNA HERRAMIENTA ACADÉMICA DE AUTO APRENDIZAJE EN LOS ESTUDIANTES DE SEXTO NIVEL DE LA CARRERA DE PSICOLOGÍA QUE CURSAN LA MATERIA DE TRASTORNOS DE PERSONALIDAD

El ABP (aprendizaje basado en problemas), es un método de aprendizaje moderno que varios docentes han optado por aplicar a sus estudiantes, dejando de lado el método tradicional de enseñanza. El foco o eje principal de este método son los estudiantes, especialmente los que pertenecen a estudios superiores, los cuales adquieren por su propia cuenta con la supervisión y ayuda de su tutor a cargo: conocimientos, habilidades y aptitudes a través de situaciones de la vida real asociadas a la teoría revisada en clase.El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer la efectividad del ABP como herramienta académica en los estudiantes de sexto nivel de la carrera de Psicología que cursan la materia de trastornos de personalidad. Para evidenciar el correcto uso y el aprendizaje obtenido por los estudiantes de sexto nivel (grupo uno y dos) de psicología laboral, se utilizará el método cuantitativo a través de encuestas online, con el fin de analizar y comprobar información y datos obtenidos para lograr el objetivo planteado.Como conclusión hemos logrado conocer el proceso y su impacto con oportunidades u obstáculos causados por el método ABP en los estudiantes, con el fin de evidenciar capacidades y aptitudes adquiridas por los equipos de trabajo a lo largo del semestre, garantizando la efectividad de este nuevo método de estudio.