scholarly journals ON THE EXAMINATION OF OUT-OF-POCKET HEALTH EXPENDITURES IN INDIA, PAKISTAN, SRI LANKA, MALDIVES, BHUTAN, BANGLADESH AND NEPAL

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (0) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Imlak Shaikh Shaikh ◽  
Shabda Singh
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Health Expenditures ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Household Expenditures ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Capita Health Expenditure ◽  
Per Capita

The aim of this study is to analyze the healthcare expenditures in seven South Asian countries namely, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Nepal. The longitudinal data has been taken for 19 years from 1995 to 2013. We specifically examine the out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure in these countries. The per-capita health expenditure differences have been compared. We also develop panel data pooled OLS model for out-of-pocket expenditure with the factors affecting it, i.e. per capita health expenditure, household final consumption expenditure and public health expenditure. The work is in line with the earlier studies of determinants of out-of-pocket health expenditures. The results suggest that Maldives has the highest per capita health expenditure while out-of-pocket health expenditure as a percentage of total expenditure on health is highest for the India. The fixed and random effect is evidenced on health expenses across the years and cross section based on various determinants. The novel aspect of the work is that, this is an attempt to explain healthcare financing in the developing economies. The key determinant of out-of-pocket expenditure is the final household expenditures as the percentage of gross domestic product.

scholarly journals Is Pollution a Cost to Health? Theoretical and Empirical Inquiry for the World’s Leading Polluting Economies

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6624
Author(s):  
Ramesh Chandra Das ◽  
Enrico Ivaldi
Keyword(s):  
Endogenous Growth ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Health Expenditures ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Capita Health Expenditure ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Per Capita

Making development sustainable in the long run is the goal of policy makers of countries all over the world. To attain such a goal, countries have to face the dynamics of pollution-income interactions in both the short and long run, which are observed along the well-known Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). In the short run stage of the EKC, rising income and rising health expenditure may lead to rising pollution, while in the long run, as pollution continues, health expenditures increase, besides conservation of capital investment. The former is a common phenomenon in developing economies and the latter in the developed economies. Hence, there are both theoretical and empirical questions on whether health expenditures are caused by environmental pollution or not. The present study has attempted to investigate the issue from the theoretical point of view, through the endogenous growth framework, and by considering empirical observations for the world’s top 20 polluting countries for the period 1991–2019. The results show that per capita health expenditure and per capita pollution are cointegrated in the majority of the countries. However, in the short run, pollution is the cause of health expenditures for many developed countries in the list, and health expenditures are the cause of pollution in some of the developing countries. The results justify the claim of the endogenous growth model incorporating pollution and health expenditure.

A Study of Out-of-pocket Health Expenditures

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imlak Shaikh ◽  
Shabda Singh
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Household Expenditures ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Capita Health Expenditure ◽  
Per Capita

The aim of this study is to analyze health care expenditures in seven South Asian countries, namely, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Nepal. The data are taken for 19 years from 1995 to 2013. We specifically examine the out-of-pocket health care expenditure in these countries. Per capita health expenditure differences have been compared. We also develop regression model for out-of-pocket expenditure with the factors affecting it, that is, per capita health expenditure, household final consumption expenditure and public health expenditure. Logarithm values of out-of-pocket expenditure have also been used to develop a separate log model for the same. The results suggest that Maldives has the highest per capita health expenditure, while out-of-pocket health expenditure as a percentage of total expenditure on health is the highest for India. The key determinant of out-of-pocket expenditures is the final household expenditures as the percentage of GDP.

scholarly journals Analysis of Factors Affecting Economic Growth in Bangka Belitung Province, Indonesia with LSDV And FGLS Methods

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Darman Saputra
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Per Capita

The Least Square Dummy Variable (LSDV) method can be used to estimate parameters in the panel data regression model incomplete one-way fixed effect. To produce the best model with GDP data of GRASB. Variables that do not occur heteroscedasticity and models that meet the smallest sum square of error is the variable Mining and Processing Industry, this variable affects the per capita income. The Feasible Generalized Least Square (FGLS) method can be used to estimate the regression parameters for incomplete panel data for a one-way random effect. In this model produce the best model with non-oil and gas GRDP data. The variables that fulfill it are the processing Industry, service, and agriculture of Forestry and Fishery.  Therefore looking at the above model can be concluded non-oil and Gas GRDP has three factors that affect per capita income in Bangka Belitung. This should be a reference of local governments to further improve the quality or production in agriculture and services because this potential is more promising for the future. Software used to analyze data in this paper is with R.

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