Occurrence and concentration of mycotoxins in maize dried distillers’ grains produced in Brazil

The presence of mycotoxins in dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS), a by-product of bioethanol production from maize, has been a matter of concern due to the increasing global utilisation of this ingredient in animal feed. In this study, 186 samples of maize DDGS produced in Brazil were analysed for the presence of major mycotoxins: aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2), fumonisins (B1 and B2), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON) and ochratoxin A (OTA). Samples were provided by the local industry between January 2017 and October 2020, and mycotoxins were quantified by LC-MS/MS. More than 98% of the analysed samples were contaminated with mycotoxins, from which 59.9% had a single mycotoxin, 29.9% two mycotoxins, and 9.1% more than two mycotoxins. The most prevalent metabolites were fumonisin B1 and B2, being detected in 98.8% (mean 3,207 μg/kg) and 97.6% (mean 1,243 μg/kg) of the samples, respectively; aflatoxin B1 had the third highest positivity, with 32.3% (mean 1.47 μg/kg), followed by ZEN, with 18.01% (mean 18.2 μg/kg), DON, with 12.9% (mean 59.6 μg/kg), and OTA was not detected. Co-occurrence of total aflatoxins (AFT = aflatoxin B1+B2+G1+G2) and total fumonisins (FBT = fumonisin B1+B2) was observed in 32.07% of the samples analysed for these mycotoxins. Co-occurrence of AFT and ZEN was found in 7.84% of the samples analysed for such mycotoxins, while FBT and DON co-occurred at 13.01%. AFT, FBT, DON and ZEN co-occurred in only one sample (0.84%). Except for FBT, a considerable number of samples presented the evaluated mycotoxins below their respective limit of quantification (LOQ) with percentages of 67.61% for AFT, 81.99% for ZEN, 87.07% for DON and 100% for OTA. Since the production of bioethanol and its by-products is growing worldwide, including in Brazil, mycotoxicological monitoring of maize DDGS is crucial to identify the effects of mycotoxins occurrence in animal feed formulated with this ingredient.

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An economic analysis of bioethanol production from the marine macroalga Ulva (Chlorophyta)

TECHNOLOGY ◽

10.1142/s2339547815400105 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 03 (02n03) ◽

pp. 114-118 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Leor Korzen ◽

Yoav Peled ◽

Shiri Zemah Shamir ◽

Mordechai Shechter ◽

Aharon Gedanken ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Animal Feed ◽

Cost Benefit Analysis ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Bioethanol Production ◽

Daily Growth ◽

Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽

Dried Distillers Grains ◽

Offshore Aquaculture ◽

Marine Macroalga

We performed a cost-benefit analysis for bioethanol production using biomass of Ulva rigida, a marine macroalga (seaweed), co-cultured with fish in an intensive offshore aquaculture unit. This is the first report for such analysis that takes into consideration offshore seaweed cultivation and uses a recently developed, novel and simplified ethanol production technology that is devoid of costly pre-treatments imposed to the seaweed biomass. By simultaneously producing ethanol with valuable Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) by-products such as animal feed, the economic viability of this system is plausible over a production range of 77–240 dry tons of seaweed per day. As such, applying the model to suggested future scenarios for the Israeli Mediterranean shorelines, which limits aquaculture to ca. 600 ha, results in unprofitability. Further, sensitivity analyses place profitability as mainly dependent on DDGS prices and on the daily growth rate (biomass yield) of the macroalga. These two are key factors to achieve profitability at the 600-ha scenario.

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PSVII-8 Efficacy of corn dried distillers grains with solubles as a replacement for soybean meal in a Boer goat diet

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz122.286 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 161-162

Author(s):

Rachel J Sorensen ◽

Savannah C Stewart ◽

Cassandra K Jones ◽

Alison R Crane ◽

T G Nagaraja ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soybean Meal ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Distillers Grains ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Soluble Fiber ◽

Fecal Microbiome ◽

Boer Goat ◽

Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽

Dried Distillers Grains ◽

Boer Goats

Abstract Due to increased use of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in animal feed and accessibility of ethanol plants in the Midwest, this study evaluated the effect of feeding DDGS in place of soybean meal (SBM) on the fecal microbiome of Boer goats. Twenty-four Boer goat kids (apx. 70 d of age; 28.21 ± 0.96 kg) were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment diets for 47 d. Treatments were 0% (0DDGS) and 100% (30DDGS) DDGS in place of SBM. Goats were placed in 8 pens (4 pens/treatment; 3 goats/pen) with ad libitum access to feed and water. Fecal pellets were collected on d 47 via rectal grab and stored at -80°C until microbiome sequencing was performed. The V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced by MR DNA (MR DNA, Shallowater, TX) on the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform (Illumina, Inc., San Diego, CA). Data were analyzed using ANOVA with Tukey’s test for pairwise comparisons. Genera impacted by DDGS inclusion with individual relative abundances greater than 1% included increased Ruminococcus (P = 0.01) and Methanobrevibacter (P = 0.009) and decreased Lachnoclostridium (P = 0.02). Ruminococcus and Methanobrevibacter most likely increased in 30DDGS due to greater amounts of soluble fiber passing through the rumen, thus being fermented in the hindgut. The overall percentage of the phyla Bacteroidetes (P = 0.36) and Firmicutes (P = 0.12) did not differ between treatments; however, Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes increased (P = 0.05) in the 30DDGS diet. Treatment did not impact β-diversity (P = 0.47) although species richness increased (P = 0.09) in DDGS-fed goats as more soluble fiber was available for fermentation in the hindgut. In all, results of this study found replacing SBM with DDGS did not greatly alter the fecal microbiome of Boer goats.

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