Identifying Ice-Rich Layers in Rock Glaciers Using Geophysics: A Case Study in the Andes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. de Pasquale ◽  
R. Valois ◽  
S. MacDonell ◽  
N. Schaefer
Keyword(s):  
The Andes ◽  
Rock Glaciers

scholarly journals Cheese in Chijnaya: Communal Entrepreneurship in Rural Peru

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-210
Author(s):  
Ralph Bolton ◽  
Jhuver Aguirre-Torres ◽  
Ken C. Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Community Based ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Urban Markets ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cheese Production

Individual entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship may be more common both in daily life and in the research literature, but community- based entrepreneurship also plays an important role in economic development. We present a case study of community entrepreneurship in a rural area of the Andes, where the community of Chijnaya operates a successful cheese production business. Buying milk from its farmer members in the community, the business produces cheeses that are sold in regional urban markets and beyond. This account draws on decades of ethnographic research and collaboration with the community. Here, we discuss the history of the community in general and of the cheese enterprise in particular. The organizational structure of the business is outlined along with a description of the production processes. We end with an analysis of problems faced by the community in moving the enterprise forward toward a more profitable future and a discussion of the relevance of this case to entrepreneurship studies.

scholarly journals Methodology for Evaluating the Quality of Ecosystem Maps: A Case Study in the Andes

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dolors Armenteras ◽  
Tania González ◽  
Francisco Luque ◽  
Denis López ◽  
Nelly Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
The Andes

scholarly journals Combination of Aerial, Satellite, and UAV Photogrammetry for Quantifying Rock Glacier Kinematics in the Dry Andes of Chile (30°S) Since the 1950s

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastián Vivero ◽  
Xavier Bodin ◽  
David Farías-Barahona ◽  
Shelley MacDonell ◽  
Nicole Schaffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feature Tracking ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Mountain Permafrost ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Rock Glaciers ◽  
Diachronic Analysis ◽  
Unique Dataset ◽  
Surface Kinematics

The diachronic analysis of aerial and satellite imagery, uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) and in situ surveys obtained between 1956 and 2019 are employed to analyse landform surface kinematics for the Tapado site located in the Dry Andes of Chile. A feature tracking procedure was used between series of orthorectified and co-registered images to calculate surface velocities on several ice-debris landforms, including rock glaciers and debris-covered glaciers. For the active rock glaciers, the results exhibit typical viscous flow, though local destabilisation process seems to occur, increased velocities since 2000 (>1 m/yr) and terminus advance. Nevertheless, the debris-covered glaciers displays heterogeneous spatial patterns of surface velocities, together with collapse (downwasting) associated with the development of thermokarst depressions and supraglacial ponds. Our findings show that surface kinematics and multitemporal observations derived from different sensors are valuable tools for differentiating between glacial and periglacial features. The pluri-decadal time series since 1956 constitute a unique dataset for documenting the surface kinematics of creeping mountain permafrost in the Southern Hemisphere. The approach developed in this work offers a way forward to reconstruct the recent behaviour of glacial and periglacial features in the Andes, where archival aerial photographs are available but have not previously been processed rigorously to obtain an accurate assessment of landform kinematics.

scholarly journals Constraints on the timing of debris-covered and rock glaciers: An exploratory case study in the Hólar area, northern Iceland

Geomorphology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 361 ◽  
pp. 107196 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Fernández-Fernández ◽  
David Palacios ◽  
Nuria Andrés ◽  
Irene Schimmelpfennig ◽  
Luis M. Tanarro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Case Study ◽  
Rock Glaciers

Estimating peak water in glaciated basins: the importance of scale, process, and terminology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Rangecroft ◽  
Marit Van Tiel ◽  
Will Blake ◽  
Sergio Morera ◽  
Caroline Clason
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Calculation Methods ◽  
Unified Approach ◽  
Drainage Basins ◽  
Peruvian Andes ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Annual Discharge

<p>Peak water is a concept that is increasingly used to describe a tipping point in time for glaciated drainage basins, where annual discharge reaches a maximum and thereafter is in continual decline. Millions of people across the globe depend on glacial meltwater, especially in regions such as the Himalayas and the Andes, and therefore current and future changes in meltwater generated flow and downstream water availability are important for society and ecosystem services. Due to the long-term negative consequence of glacier retreat on freshwater resources, peak water in glaciated basins has received more attention in recent years. Using an example case study from the Peruvian Andes, we highlight crucial considerations around scale, process, and terminology when measuring, modelling, and communicating peak water in glaciated basins. Through the application of commonly used peak water calculation methods, we explore the influence of these considerations on the estimation of peak water timing. One such consideration is the processes affecting discharge aside from direct glacial melt, such as catchment storage (aquifers, wetlands, lakes), precipitation, and human activities. In our example case study of the Rio Santa basin in Peru, we find that these factors may all play a much larger role than originally assumed. Subsequently, some peak water estimates may not isolate glacial melt peak water, but instead represent “basin peak water”. Depending on the basin of interest, these aspects can play a significant role in water availability, and thus in peak water estimates. We believe that these nuisances are important for ensuring that the peak water concept is appropriately communicated to end-users, and to inform suitable water management. As a scientific community, we now have an opportunity to assess and find ways to move forward with a unified approach to the terminology and communication of peak water.</p>

Water security in high mountain cities of the Andes under a growing population and climate change: A case study of La Paz and El Alto, Bolivia

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 100025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsuyoshi Kinouchi ◽  
Takashi Nakajima ◽  
Javier Mendoza ◽  
Pablo Fuchs ◽  
Yoshihiro Asaoka
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Security ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
La Paz ◽  
The Andes ◽  
El Alto ◽  
Growing Population

scholarly journals Glacier inventory and recent glacier variations in the Andes of Chile, South America

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (75pt2) ◽  
pp. 166-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Barcaza ◽  
Samuel U. Nussbaumer ◽  
Guillermo Tapia ◽  
Javier Valdés ◽  
Juan-Luis García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Central Andes ◽  
Tierra Del Fuego ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Areal Extent ◽  
Glacier Inventory ◽  
Glacier Shrinkage ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Glacier Changes ◽  
Rock Glaciers

ABSTRACTThe first satellite-derived inventory of glaciers and rock glaciers in Chile, created from Landsat TM/ETM+ images spanning between 2000 and 2003 using a semi-automated procedure, is presented in a single standardized format. Large glacierized areas in the Altiplano, Palena Province and the periphery of the Patagonian icefields are inventoried. The Chilean glacierized area is 23 708 ± 1185 km2, including ~3200 km2of both debris-covered glaciers and rock glaciers. Glacier distribution varies as a result of climatic gradients with latitude and elevation, with 0.8% occurring in the Desert Andes (17°30′–32° S); 3.6% in the Central Andes (32–36° S), 6.2% in the Lakes District and Palena Province (36–46° S), and 89.3% in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego (46–56° S). Glacier outlines, across all glacierized regions and size classes, updated to 2015 using Landsat 8 images for 98 complexes indicate a decline in areal extent affecting mostly clean-ice glaciers (−92.3 ± 4.6 km2), whereas debris-covered glaciers and rock glaciers in the Desert and Central Andes appear nearly unchanged in their extent. Glacier attributes estimated from this new inventory provide valuable insights into spatial patterns of glacier shrinkage for assessing future glacier changes in response to climate change.

scholarly journals Surface motion of active rock glaciers in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA: inventory and a case study using InSAR

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 343-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
C. I. Millar ◽  
R. D. Westfall ◽  
H. A. Zebker
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Flow Speed ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
Spatial Gradient ◽  
Temporal Sampling ◽  
Rock Glaciers

Abstract. Despite the abundance of rock glaciers in the Sierra Nevada of California, USA, few efforts have been made to measure their surface flow. Here we use the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique to compile a~benchmark inventory describing the kinematic state of 59 active rock glaciers in this region. Statistically, these rock glaciers moved at speeds range from 15 cm yr−1 to 88 cm yr−1 with a mean value of 55 cm yr−1 in the late summer of 2007. We also find a spatial gradient: rock glaciers in the southern Sierra Nevada moved faster than the ones in the central Sierra Nevada. In addition to the inventory mapping, we also conduct a case study to measure the surface flow of the Mount Gibbs rock glacier in fine spatial and temporal detail. The InSAR measurements over this target reveal (1) that the spatial pattern of surface flow is influenced by surface geomorphological features and (2) a significant seasonal variation of flow speed whose peak value was 48 cm yr−1 in the fall, more than twice the minimum value observed in the spring. The seasonal variation lagged air temperatures by three months and likely results from temporal changes in mechanical strength of mixing debris and ice, internal melting of ice, and surface snow cover. Our finding on the seasonal variation of surface speed reinforces the importance of a long time series with high temporal sampling rates to detect possible long-term changes of rock glaciers in a warming climate.

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