There are more than 70 chemical elements in the human body. To date, the need for more than 20 trace elements has been determined: deficiency in them leads to disruption of the neural, immune and endocrine regulation and adaptive potential, increases the risk of infectious diseases and development of their chronicity. A prolonged absence of certain nutrients in the diet, or vice versa, excess of them in soil and water, can cause irreversible changes in the body. The article discusses physiological role of minerals, macro and micronutrients, features of their metabolism, content standards, causes of their shortage in the diet. Recommendations on the choice of material for the study of the trace element composition are given and possibilities of modern laboratory diagnostics are presented.