Nutraceutical Industry with the Collaboration of Biotechnology and Nutrigenomics Engineering

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Tomas Gabriel Bas
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
The United States ◽  
Food Supplements ◽  
Inorganic Nutrients ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Daily Vitamin ◽  
The World

This article highlights the relevance of the nutraceutical industry and the implication of biotechnology and nutrigenomics in the field of human health, to increase the quality and range of scope of their products. People in the world take every day functional foods constituted by nutraceutical ingredients. Only in the United States, 47% of men and 50% of women take daily vitamin complexes, inorganic nutrients and other food supplements that are made from nutraceutical ingredients. The article analyzes the nutraceutical industry in the leading countries worldwide. The number of existing companies in this sector is examined, in addition to analyzing the intellectual property generated by this industry. At the same time, it deepens in the number of patents assigned to the enterprises and the scientific publications consigned to each author (particularly to “star scientist”) is observed. Finally, the regulations and policies concerning nutraceuticals products of the different countries are analyzed.

What nanotech inventors need to know about trade secrets and the prior user rights defense

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chinh H. Pham ◽  
Ross Spencer Garsson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trade Secret ◽  
Trade Secrets ◽  
The World ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
The Many

AbstractThe America Invents Act (AIA) presents new challenges and strategy considerations for nanotechnology inventors and companies that seek to protect their intellectual property in the United States. Among the many notable changes, the AIA expands the “prior user rights” defense to infringement and broadens the classes of patents that are eligible for the new limited prior user rights defense. While this defense is limited in some instances, such as against universities, it could be invaluable in others, such as when a competitor independently discovers and patents the trade secret. In the world of nanotechnology, where inventions and products are increasingly complex, this protection can prove to be vitally important.

scholarly journals Modern trends and problems of the global intellectual property market development

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-409
Author(s):  
T. G. Filosofova
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
World Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Assistive Technologies ◽  
Creative Industries ◽  
Property Market ◽  
The World ◽  
Effective Development ◽  
The Right

It is shown that active processes of digitalization and development of creative industries form new trends of the world economy development. Possession of the right to use IP, in particular the results of the latest scientific research and technological developments (especially in the field of artificial intelligence, the Internet of things, blockchain, processing large databases, quantum computing systems, cloud technologies, etc.) significantly expands the capabilities of the owner of IP rights in world economy, its participation in global value chains. Intellectual property is becoming not only the main instrument of socio-economic development, but also the center of global technological confrontation and a fierce struggle for the right to own it, a significant factor of success in geoeconomic competition. The main long-term trend in the development of world IP markets is the dynamic growth of the volume of commercial transactions with goods and services containing IP objects with a significant expansion of the range of the latter. The IP market is growing at a rate exceeding the rate of growth of “material” markets. The countryleader in the number of valid patents for a long period is the United States. The main competitor for the United States is China. Among the main technological trends, the development of the IP market in terms of assistive technologies should be highlighted, which allow producing products according to digital description anywhere in the world. A large share of the IP markets is occupied by trade in licenses. It is shown that for the further successful and effective development of IP markets, it is necessary to take into account the prospects for the functioning of IP markets and the movement of goods containing IP objects in a new technological order.

scholarly journals United States Seeks Answers on COVID-19's Origin While Stepping Up “Vaccine Diplomacy”

2021 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 732-739
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Early Handling ◽  
The World ◽  
Near Term

As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to rage across the world, the United States and its allies are pushing for answers about the virus's origins while China rebuffs inquiry into its early handling of the outbreak. Meanwhile, a growing U.S. stockpile of vaccines has opened new avenues for “vaccine diplomacy,” and the Biden administration has thrown its weight behind an effort to suspend cross-border intellectual property (IP) rules for vaccine manufacturing. In the near term, however, experts expect vaccination rates and access will continue to vary widely between countries depending on their wealth.

United States Moves Forward with Tariffs and Requests WTO Consultations in Response to Certain Trade Practices by China

2018 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-510
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
The World ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Trump Administration

Trade tensions between the United States and China have escalated under the Trump administration. Some of this tension has resulted from the steel and aluminum tariffs imposed by the United States on most of its trading partners in the spring of 2018. Another major source of conflict relates to President Trump's concerns with China's perceived unfair practices in relation to intellectual property and technology rights. The Trump administration has addressed these concerns both by pursuing unilateral responses and seeking relief through the World Trade Organization (WTO).

Paying for services: experiences at the Smithonsonian Institute

1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-23
Author(s):  
Cecilia H. Chin ◽  
lldiko P. DeAngelis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Art History ◽  
Smithsonian Institution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Great Care ◽  
The World ◽  
Research Complex

The Smithsonian Institution, a trust instrumentality of the United States, and the largest museum and research complex in the world, receives many outside permission requests to reproduce images in the Smithsonian Collections. Charging fees for photographic usage is a common practice in the United States, especially in art history and general museums. Beginning in 1992, the Smithonian established internal guidelines for changing such fees and for handling permission requests from outside sources. The procedures ensure that the Smithsonian recognises and respects the intellectual property rights associated with images in the collections and the terms of any pre-existing agreements. Great care is also taken to protect the Smithsonian’s name from use in any commercial context, to avoid the implication that the Institution endorses a product (or one product rather than another).

An Introduction to Intellectual Property

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Rowland
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Industrial Country ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
The World ◽  
Legal Right

Patents are legal documents issued by the governments of almost every industrial country in the world. The scope and term of a patient may very from counry to country. A United States patient provides its owner with the legal right to prevent the unauthorized making, using, selling, and offereing for sale in the United States, and the importation into the United States, of the invention set forth and claimed in the patent.[2]

scholarly journals The 4th Industrial Revolution Requires Strong Intellectual Property Laws: Where does Thailand Stand?

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 1294-1306
Author(s):  
Nucharee Nuchkoom SMITH
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intellectual Property Right ◽  
World Intellectual Property Organization ◽  
The World

Strong and fair intellectual property rights legislation is an essential foundation for the 4th industrial revolution. It is required to protect the increasingly rapid advances in all areas of technology and science as well as the pursuits of human endeavor. At the same time, countries must be allowed to adopt measures necessary to protect public health and nutrition and the public interest in sectors of vital importance to the socio-economic and technological development. Thailand is covered with the intellectual property treaties under both the World Intellectual Property Organization and the World Trade Organization. This paper describes the protections afforded under Thailand’s intellectual property laws. The analysis shows that the coverage of the Thai legislation is extensive and fairly robust-protecting the intellectual property rights of Thailand as well as those of the wider world community. However, there are some shortcomings. Copyright protections still do not fully protect performer’s rights. It has been argued also that the protection of the rights of breeders of new plant varieties should be enhanced and fashion designs specifically protected. Copyright violations are by far the major infringement of intellectual property right laws. This requires a rigorous and consistent enforcement regime. It must be acknowledged that the enforcement has improved over the last few years. This has been recognized by the United States Trade representatives who, in December 2017, moved Thailand from the priority Watchlist to its Watchlist because the country is able to resolve issues in and engage on intellectual property issues with the United States.

Sex Differences in Mass Media Preferences Across Four Asian Countries

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 186-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malini Ratnasingam ◽  
Lee Ellis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
The United States ◽  
Female Students ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Evolutionary Explanation ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Media Preferences

Background. Nearly all of the research on sex differences in mass media utilization has been based on samples from the United States and a few other Western countries. Aim. The present study examines sex differences in mass media utilization in four Asian countries (Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, and Singapore). Methods. College students self-reported the frequency with which they accessed the following five mass media outlets: television dramas, televised news and documentaries, music, newspapers and magazines, and the Internet. Results. Two significant sex differences were found when participants from the four countries were considered as a whole: Women watched television dramas more than did men; and in Japan, female students listened to music more than did their male counterparts. Limitations. A wider array of mass media outlets could have been explored. Conclusions. Findings were largely consistent with results from studies conducted elsewhere in the world, particularly regarding sex differences in television drama viewing. A neurohormonal evolutionary explanation is offered for the basic findings.

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