Morphozoic, Cellular Automata with Nested Neighborhoods as a Metamorphic Representation of Morphogenesis

2017 ◽  
pp. 44-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Portegys ◽  
Gabriel Pascualy ◽  
Richard Gordon ◽  
Stephen P McGrew ◽  
Bradly J. Alicea
Keyword(s):  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Reaction Diffusion ◽  
Cell Regeneration ◽  
Computational Power ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Noise Tolerant ◽  
Conway’S Game Of Life ◽  
Morphogenetic Fields ◽  
Morphogenetic Effects

A cellular automaton model, Morphozoic, is presented. Morphozoic may be used to investigate the computational power of morphogenetic fields to foster the development of structures and cell differentiation. The term morphogenetic field is used here to describe a generalized abstraction: a cell signals information about its state to its environment and is able to sense and act on signals from nested neighborhood of cells that can represent local to global morphogenetic effects. Neighborhood signals are compacted into aggregated quantities, capping the amount of information exchanged: signals from smaller, more local neighborhoods are thus more finely discriminated, while those from larger, more global neighborhoods are less so. An assembly of cells can thus cooperate to generate spatial and temporal structure. Morphozoic was found to be robust and noise tolerant. Applications of Morphozoic presented here include: 1) Conway's Game of Life, 2) Cell regeneration, 3) Evolution of a gastrulation-like sequence, 4) Neuron pathfinding, and 5) Turing's reaction-diffusion morphogenesis.

Novel Spatiotemporal Analysis for Exploring a-Cell Differentiation

Diabetes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 2128-P
Author(s):  
MIWA HIMURO ◽  
TAKESHI MIYATSUKA ◽  
LUKA SUZUKI ◽  
MASAKI MIURA ◽  
TAKEHIRO KATAHIRA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Spatiotemporal Analysis ◽  
A Cell

scholarly journals METTL3-dependent m6A modification programs T follicular helper cell differentiation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingpeng Yao ◽  
Ying Yang ◽  
Wenhui Guo ◽  
Lifan Xu ◽  
Menghao You ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Signature Genes ◽  
Follicular Helper ◽  
Conditional Deletion ◽  
A Cell ◽  
A Site ◽  
Post Transcriptional Regulation

AbstractT follicular helper (TFH) cells are specialized effector CD4+ T cells critical to humoral immunity. Whether post-transcriptional regulation has a function in TFH cells is unknown. Here, we show conditional deletion of METTL3 (a methyltransferase catalyzing mRNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification) in CD4+ T cells impairs TFH differentiation and germinal center responses in a cell-intrinsic manner in mice. METTL3 is necessary for expression of important TFH signature genes, including Tcf7, Bcl6, Icos and Cxcr5 and these effects depend on intact methyltransferase activity. m6A-miCLIP-seq shows the 3′ UTR of Tcf7 mRNA is subjected to METTL3-dependent m6A modification. Loss of METTL3 or mutation of the Tcf7 3′ UTR m6A site results in accelerated decay of Tcf7 transcripts. Importantly, ectopic expression of TCF-1 (encoded by Tcf7) rectifies TFH defects owing to METTL3 deficiency. Our findings indicate that METTL3 stabilizes Tcf7 transcripts via m6A modification to ensure activation of a TFH transcriptional program, indicating a pivotal function of post-transcriptional regulation in promoting TFH cell differentiation.

Activin as a cell differentiation factor

1990 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoto Ueno ◽  
Shin-ichiro Nishimatsu ◽  
Kazuo Murakami
Keyword(s):  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Differentiation Factor ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Cell Differentiation Factor

scholarly journals ES cell differentiation system recapitulates the establishment of imprinted gene expression in a cell-type-specific manner

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1391-1401 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kohama ◽  
H. Kato ◽  
K. Numata ◽  
M. Hirose ◽  
T. Takemasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Es Cell ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Imprinted Gene ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Cell Type Specific

scholarly journals How cortical waves drive fission of motile cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (12) ◽  
pp. 6330-6338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Flemming ◽  
Francesc Font ◽  
Sergio Alonso ◽  
Carsten Beta
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Diffusion ◽  
Cortical Actin ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Contractile Ring ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Reaction Diffusion Model ◽  
Motile Cells ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Actin Waves ◽  
Cell Growth And Proliferation

Cytokinesis—the division of a cell into two daughter cells—is a key step in cell growth and proliferation. It typically occurs in synchrony with the cell cycle to ensure that a complete copy of the genetic information is passed on to the next generation of daughter cells. In animal cells, cytokinesis commonly relies on an actomyosin contractile ring that drives equatorial furrowing and separation into the two daughter cells. However, also contractile ring-independent forms of cell division are known that depend on substrate-mediated traction forces. Here, we report evidence of an as yet unknown type of contractile ring-independent cytokinesis that we termed wave-mediated cytofission. It is driven by self-organized cortical actin waves that travel across the ventral membrane of oversized, multinucleatedDictyostelium discoideumcells. Upon collision with the cell border, waves may initiate the formation of protrusions that elongate and eventually pinch off to form separate daughter cells. They are composed of a stable elongated wave segment that is enclosed by a cell membrane and moves in a highly persistent fashion. We rationalize our observations based on a noisy excitable reaction–diffusion model in combination with a dynamic phase field to account for the cell shape and demonstrate that daughter cells emerging from wave-mediated cytofission exhibit a well-controlled size.

The role of diffusible molecules in regulating the cellular differentiation of Dictyostelium discoideum

Development ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Dictyostelium Discoideum ◽  
Cellular Differentiation ◽  
Prespore Cell ◽  
Additional Role ◽  
Acting In Concert ◽  
Morphogenetic Fields

A central problem in developmental biology is to understand how morphogenetic fields are created and how they act to direct regionalized cellular differentiation. This goal is being pursued in organisms as diverse as moulds, worms, flies, frogs and mice. Each organism has evolved its own solution to the challenge of multicellularity but there appear to be common underlying principles and, once pattern formation is fully understood in any system, some general truths seem certain to be revealed. As a non-obligate metazoan, Dictyostelium discoideum has proven a particularly tractable system in which to identify and characterize cellular morphogens. Cyclic AMP and ammonia stimulate prespore cell differentiation and ammonia plays an additional role in repressing terminal cellular differentiation. Differentiation Inducing Factor (DIF) acts to direct prestalk cell differentiation and adenosine may play a synergistic role in repressing prespore cell differentiation. This review summarizes the evidence for these interactions and describes a number of models which show how this small repertoire of diffusible molecules, acting in concert, may direct the formation of a differentiated structure.

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