Estimating Spatially Consistent Interaction Flows Across Three Censuses

2010 ◽  
pp. 242-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiqiang Feng ◽  
Paul Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Significant Problem ◽  
Interaction Data ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Commuting Flows ◽  
Innovative Method ◽  
Flows Over Time ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Geographical Units

A significant problem facing geographical researchers who wish to compare migration and commuting flows over time is that the boundaries of the geographical areas, between which flows are recorded, often change. This chapter describes an innovative method for re-estimating the migration and commuting data collected in the 1981 and 1991 Censuses for the geographical units used in the 2001 Census. The estimated interaction data are provided as origin-destination flow matrices for wards in England and Wales and pseudo-postcode sectors in Scotland. Altogether, there were about 10,000 zones in 1981, 1991 and 2001, providing huge but sparsely populated matrices of 10,000 by 10,000 cells. Because of the changing boundaries during inter-censal periods, virtually no work has attempted to compare local level migration and commuting flows in the two decades, 1981-91 and 1991-2001. The re-estimated spatially consistent interaction flows described here allow such comparisons to be made and we use migration change in England and commuting change in Liverpool to demonstrate the value of these new data.

Creating Spatially Compatible Flow Datasets from Three British Censuses

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 38-56
Author(s):  
Zhiqiang Feng ◽  
Paul Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Flow Data ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Commuting Flows ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Geographical Units

This paper describes a novel method for re-estimating the migration and commuting data collected in the 1981 and 1991 Censuses for the geographical units used in the 2001 Census in the UK. The estimated flow data are provided as origin-destination flow matrices for wards in England and Wales and pseudo-postcode sectors in Scotland. Altogether, there were about 10,000 zones in 1981, 1991 and 2001, providing huge but sparsely populated matrices of 10,000 by 10,000 cells. Thanks to the boundary changes during inter-censal periods, virtually no work has attempted to compare local level migration and commuting flows in the two decades, 1981-91 and 1991-2001. The re-estimated spatially consistent interaction flows described here provide an opportunity for such comparisons to be made and we use migration change in England and commuting change in Birmingham to demonstrate the value of these new data.

Raptor Prey Remains

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ed Drewitt
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Ecology ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
The Common ◽  
Prey Remains ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Prey Populations

Are you curious about the remains of an animal you have found? This compilation of the most likely found body parts of animals eaten by raptors will help you identify your discovery. Including over 100 species of bird and mammal prey of raptors such as sparrowhawks, peregrines and hen harriers, this photographic guide highlights the common feathers, fur and other body parts found at raptor nests, roosts, plucking posts and other opportunistic spots. Discovering what raptors eat is an important part of confirming their feeding ecology and how this might change over time, vary on a local level or in response to changing prey populations, as well as dispelling myths and assumptions about what certain raptor species eat. Diet studies are vital for the conservation of raptor species; the more we know about what they need for survival the more we can predict and plan long-term for the protection and survival of raptors that may be vulnerable and in decline. This is the first book to show in detail the actual parts of a bird, mammal or other animal that you are likely to find in a garden, woodland or beneath a raptor roost. As more people take an interest in raptors and watch species such as peregrines via webcams and through watch groups, there is greater opportunity for finding prey remains. This book provides the first and most important step in identifying a prey species.

2. Criminalizaton: historical, legal, and criminological perspectives

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Lacey ◽  
Lucia Zedner
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Historical Contingency ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Shifting Boundaries ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

This chapter examines the relationship between legal and criminological constructions of crime and explores how these have changed over time. The chapter sets out the conceptual framework of criminalization within which the two dominant constructions of crime—legal and criminological—are situated. It considers their respective contributions and the close relationship between criminal law and criminal justice. Using the framework of criminalization, the chapter considers the historical contingency of crime by examining its development over the past 300 hundred years. It analyses the normative building blocks of contemporary criminal law to explain how crime is constructed in England and Wales today and it explores some of the most important recent developments in formal criminalization in England and Wales, not least the shifting boundaries and striking expansion of criminal liability. Finally, it considers the valuable contributions made by criminology to understanding the scope of, and limits on, criminalization.

scholarly journals Ethnic, Religious and Gender Differences in Intragenerational Economic Mobility in England and Wales

Sociology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 883-903
Author(s):  
Saffron Karlsen ◽  
James Yzet Nazroo ◽  
Neil R Smith
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Economic Mobility ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Black Caribbean ◽  
Muslim People ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Over Time

This study uses data from consecutive England and Wales censuses to examine the intragenerational economic mobility of individuals with different ethnicities, religions and genders between 1971 and 2011, over time and across cohorts. The findings suggest more downward and less upward mobility among Black Caribbean, Indian Sikh and Muslim people with Bangladeshi, Indian and Pakistani ethnicities, relative to white British groups, and more positive relative progress among Indian Hindu people, but also some variation in the experiences of social mobility between individuals even in the same ethnic groups. For some groups, those becoming adults or migrating to the UK since 1971 occupy an improved position compared with older or longer resident people, but this is not universal. Findings suggest that these persistent inequalities will only be effectively addressed with attention to the structural factors which disadvantage particular ethnic and religious groups, and the specific ways in which these affect women.

A century of inequality in England and Wales using standardized geographical units

Area ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Gregory ◽  
Daniel Dorling ◽  
Humphrey Southall
Keyword(s):  
England And Wales ◽  
Geographical Units

The Railways, Urbanization, and Local Demography in England and Wales, 1825–1911

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-228
Author(s):  
Ian N. Gregory ◽  
Jordi Martí Henneberg
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
World War ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Rail Network ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Integrate Data ◽  
Single Set ◽  
Over Time

This article uses geographic information systems (GIS) to explore the growth of the rail network in England and Wales in the period before World War I. It uses two major GIS databases, one containing data on the growth of the rail network, including both lines and stations, and one containing parish-level populations. The parish-level data are particularly important for two reasons: they give an unparalleled level of spatial detail, and they are interpolated onto a single set of boundaries over time, which allows direct long-term comparisons. GIS's ability to integrate data allows the article to shed new light on how quickly the railways spread into the country's population. It then explores whether gaining a station made it more likely for a parish's population growth to increase and whether gaining one early was an advantage compared to gaining one relatively late. The article explores this impact at a variety of urban levels.

Mapping spatial flows over time: a case study using journey-to-work data

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Maddox ◽  
J. Corcoran ◽  
Y. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Journey To Work ◽  
Flows Over Time ◽  
Spatial Flows ◽  
Over Time
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