Electromagnetic Wave Propagation

Electromagnetic wave propagation is an invisible phenomenon that cannot be detected by the human senses. To understand wave propagation, one must first learn what wave propagation is and the basic principles that affect wave propagation. This chapter introduces the atmospheric windows which allow electromagnetic radiation from bands to penetrate Earth. Helmholtz equations, i.e. the equations which govern wave propagation, and the properties of waves (such as propagation constant and characteristic impedance) are then briefly explained. When waves encounter different media during its propagation, they may be reflected, refracted, or diffracted. These phenomena are also covered. The last part of this chapter concisely explains the terminologies commonly used to describe electromagnetic radiation.