Analysis of Various Structures of Standards Setting Organizations (SSOs) that Impact Tension among Members

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
DongBack Seo
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Structuration Theory ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Standard Setting ◽  
Structural Level ◽  
Dynamic Field ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Impact Tension

As the field of ICT standardization has changed from a relatively static, monolithic environment into a very dynamic field in the last two decades, many formal standardization bodies, fora, consortia and other types of standards setting organizations (SSOs) have emerged. These SSOs have often competed against each other for the same application areas. To a large degree, these changes reflect developments in the field of telecommunications and IT themselves, including liberalization, globalization, rapid changes in technology, and convergence. More than ever before, firms can choose which standard setting body they want to join. Nevertheless, data shows that many firms decide to be members of many relevant bodies at the same time. The aforementioned changes and the multi-SSO memberships of a firm have differently influenced various types of stakeholders, which increases potential tension among members during standardization processes. This paper intends to study such tension and the effect influenced by the structure and processes of the standard-setting bodies themselves. A framework to analyze tension within given organizational structure and processes based on Giddens’ Structuration Theory is proposed. The appealing feature of this theory is that it is neither deterministic at the agent level nor at the structural level, but takes iterative influences between both levels as a starting point. This study shows how a SSO struggles to decrease tension among members and suggests propositions related to the tension that academia and practitioners can apply.

Analysis of Various Structures of Standards Setting Organizations (SSOs) That Impact Tension among Members

2015 ◽  
pp. 33-47
Author(s):  
DongBack Seo
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Structuration Theory ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Standard Setting ◽  
Structural Level ◽  
Dynamic Field ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Impact Tension

As the field of ICT standardization has changed from a relatively static, monolithic environment into a very dynamic field in the last two decades, many formal standardization bodies, fora, consortia, and other types of Standards Setting Organizations (SSOs) have emerged. These SSOs have often competed against each other for the same application areas. To a large degree, these changes reflect developments in the field of telecommunications and IT themselves, including liberalization, globalization, rapid changes in technology, and convergence. More than ever before, firms can choose which standard setting body they want to join. Nevertheless, data shows that many firms decide to be members of many relevant bodies at the same time. The aforementioned changes and the multi-SSO memberships of a firm have differently influenced various types of stakeholders, which increases potential tension among members during standardization processes. This chapter intends to study such tension and the effect influenced by the structure and processes of the standard-setting bodies themselves. A framework to analyze tension within given organizational structure and processes based on Giddens' Structuration Theory is proposed. The appealing feature of this theory is that it is neither deterministic at the agent level nor at the structural level, but takes iterative influences between both levels as a starting point. This study shows how an SSO struggles to decrease tension among members and suggests propositions related to the tension that academia and practitioners can apply.

The Church as a Dynamic Field of Priestly, Prophetic and Diaconal Tension

Ecclesiology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-186
Author(s):  
Jakob Egeris Thorsen
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Roman Catholic Church ◽  
High Priest ◽  
Dynamic Field ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Church

On the background of sociological and theological analyses of the transformations of the religious field and of the Roman Catholic Church in Latin America, this article sketches a proposal for a practical ecclesiology. This ecclesiology understands the church as a dynamic field of tension between priestly, prophetic and diaconal expressions. These fundamental expressions of the church parallel Christ’s threefold role as King, high priest and prophet. Combining P. Bourdieu’s theory of the religious field with N. M. Healy’s call for a practical-prophetical ecclesiology, the article argues that the changes in the Roman Catholic Church in Latin America can be understood as a re-articulation of the church’s prophetic and diaconal dimensions. The apparent disorder and tension hereby created can in fact be the starting point for a constructive, practical ecclesiology, which is able to make sense of the often disharmonious character of ecclesial life.

An Extended Tube-Model for Rubber Elasticity: Statistical-Mechanical Theory and Finite Element Implementation

1999 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 602-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kaliske ◽  
G. Heinrich
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Parameter Identification ◽  
Energy Function ◽  
Strain Energy ◽  
Strain Energy Function ◽  
Rubber Elasticity ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Structural Level ◽  
Tube Model ◽  
Starting Point

Abstract A novel model of rubber elasticity—the extended tube-model—is introduced. The model considers the topological constraints as well as the limited chain extensibility of network chains in filled rubbers. It is supplied by a formulation suitable for an implementation into a finite element code. Homogeneous states of deformation are evaluated analytically to yield expressions required e.g., for parameter identification algorithms. Finally, large scale finite element computations compare the extended tube-model with experimental investigations and with the phenomenological strain energy function of the Yeoh-model. The extended tube-model can be considered as an interesting approach introducing physical considerations on the molecular scale into the formulation of the strain energy function which is on the other hand the starting point for the numerical realization on the structural level. Thus, the gap between physics and numerics is bridged. Nevertheless, this study reveals the importance of a proper parameter identification and adapted experiments.

scholarly journals Für einen labour turn in der Umweltbewegung

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (189) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Pye
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Production Networks ◽  
Global Production Networks ◽  
Labour Movement ◽  
Social Ecological ◽  
Accumulation By Dispossession ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Ecological Landscape

Oliver Pye: For a labour turn in the environmental justice movement. Struggles over the social relations of nature and strategies for social-ecological transformation. This article discusses struggles in the social relations of nature and how these relate to strategies of socialecological transformation and calls for a labour turn in the environmental and climate justice movement. Taking the rapid changes to the social-ecological landscape of the Kapuas River in Indonesia as a starting point, it shows how this “accumulation by dispossession” is connected to a “corporate food regime” that is embedded within global “postfordist relations of nature”. I then argue that the global production networks linking appropriation to exploitation should themselves be viewed as alienated steps in the social metabolism with nature. Struggles against accumulation by dispossession need to connect to the labour movement, which holds the key to overcome the alienated work that lies at the heart of society’s alienation with nature.

scholarly journals metaGEM: reconstruction of genome scale metabolic models directly from metagenomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Zorrilla ◽  
Kiran R. Patil ◽  
Aleksej Zelezniak
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Metabolic Modeling ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Metabolic Model ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Metabolic Models ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Genome Scale ◽  
Reference Genomes

AbstractAdvances in genome-resolved metagenomic analysis of complex microbial communities have revealed a large degree of interspecies and intraspecies genetic diversity through the reconstruction of metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs). Yet, metabolic modeling efforts still tend to rely on reference genomes as the starting point for reconstruction and simulation of genome scale metabolic models (GEMs), neglecting the immense intra- and inter-species diversity present in microbial communities. Here we present metaGEM (https://github.com/franciscozorrilla/metaGEM), an end-to-end highly scalable pipeline enabling metabolic modeling of multi-species communities directly from metagenomic samples. The pipeline automates all steps from the extraction of context-specific prokaryotic GEMs from metagenome assembled genomes to community level flux balance simulations. To demonstrate the capabilities of the metaGEM pipeline, we analyzed 483 samples spanning lab culture, human gut, plant associated, soil, and ocean metagenomes, to reconstruct over 14 000 prokaryotic GEMs. We show that GEMs reconstructed from metagenomes have fully represented metabolism comparable to the GEMs reconstructed from reference genomes. We further demonstrate that metagenomic GEMs capture intraspecies metabolic diversity by identifying the differences between pathogenicity levels of type 2 diabetes at the level of gut bacterial metabolic exchanges. Overall, our pipeline enables simulation-ready metabolic model reconstruction directly from individual metagenomes, provides a resource of all reconstructed metabolic models, and showcases community-level modeling of microbiomes associated with disease conditions allowing generation of mechanistic hypotheses.

scholarly journals Le cure palliative tra sostenibilità e dignità della vita: le prestazioni assistenziali sociali come momento integrante dell’assistenza globale

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Arena ◽  
Edy Febi ◽  
Onofrio De Lucia ◽  
Massimo Piccioni
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Social Assistance ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Assistance System ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Law

Il lavoro si pone l’obiettivo di analizzare il tema dell’assetto organizzativo e delle problematiche etiche e medico-legali delle cure palliative in Italia facendo riferimento, in particolare, alla legge 38/2010, punto di partenza per riflessioni critiche circa gli interventi “assistenziali” previsti dalla stessa e circa il significato da attribuire, in una visione integrata e globale, al termine “Assistenza”. Gli Autori propongono infine alcune riflessioni circa l’adeguatezza, in tale ottica, dell’attuale sistema dell’assistenza sociale in Italia. ---------- The aim of the present article is to analyze the organizational structure, the ethical and medico-legal aspects of palliative care in Italy. In particular, it refers to the law 38/2010, which represents the starting point for critical thinking about “assistive” intervention promoted by the Act and about the meaning attributable to the word “assistance” in an integrated and comprehensive vision. Finally, the Authors propose some reflections on the adequacy, in this context, of the current social assistance system in Italy.

Mesoscale and local climates in New Zealand

1999 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 611-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew P. Sturman ◽  
Hamish A. McGowan ◽  
Rachel A. Spronken-Smith
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Thermal Effects ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Dynamic Effects ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Synoptic Weather ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Rapid Changes

New Zealand is a country of marked local and regional environmental variability. The complexity of the terrain and significant relief of this island nation surrounded by extensive areas of ocean produce rapid changes of climate over relatively short distances. This article provides a selective review of recent research into the mesoscale and local climates of this interestingly varied environment. Research completed on energy budgets of the varying surface types provides the starting point for an assessment of thermal effects on the atmospheric boundary layer and airflow. The dynamic effects of surface topography are also seen to have a major impact on regional and local airflow patterns, as well as on mesoscale variations of convection and precipitation. It is clear that the interaction of mid-latitude synoptic weather systems with the mountains of New Zealand produces distinct patterns of wind and rainfall that have a major impact on the physical and human environment of the country. The föhn nor'wester and southerly changes are significant local meteorological phenomena, while mesoscale climate processes are increasingly recognized as important for agricultural activities, the management of hydrological systems and in dealing with environmental problems such as air pollution.

scholarly journals The Perceptions of Liaison Librarians, at a New Zealand Academic Institution, on the Role of Researchers in the Electronic Journal Environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Brent Richard Partner
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Structuration Theory ◽  
Academic Departments ◽  
Electronic Journal ◽  
Electronic Publication ◽  
Tertiary Institution ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Journal Publications

<p>The objective of this project was to examine how liaison librarians perceive the role of the academic researcher in the electronic journal environment. An interview process was undertaken with twelve liaison librarians from the Arts, Business and General Science disciplines, at a New Zealand tertiary institution, to elicit their views in this regard. Interviewees were questioned on the researcher/liaison librarian relationship in terms of their interaction involving direct and indirect forms of communication, on the topic of electronic journal publications. The direct forms of communication examined in this study, included e-mail, phone interviews and face-to-face interactions. The material placed on the Library subject resource web pages, concerning electronic journal publications, encapsulated the indirect method of communication between liaison librarian and researcher. This study was conceptualized with Anthony Giddens' "Structuration Theory" as a contextual basis. Continuous access and search methodologies were discovered to be the predominant themes between liaison librarians and researchers engaged in direct communication, on the topic of electronic publication. Access to available information found in electronic journals proved to be the most critical factor for researchers engaged in information retrieval and dissemination. Search enquiries amongst researchers were generally found to be more about ratification of their methodologies rather than a didactic engagement on how to carry out a particular search. Though these themes were found to be universal across the disciplines, variances between the faculties examined and between academic departments within their respective faculties were discovered. Input from researchers, concerning information on issues surrounding electronic journal publication, which is published on library subject resource pages has been found to be negligible. Although some academic departments do have certain researchers who do engage in the publication of these pages, they are situated in a distinct minority. Information on bibliometric measurement, copyright, and licensing are placed on these pages predominantly on the initiative of the liaison librarians examined. Issues surrounding scholarly communication, bibliometric measurement, open access platforms and institutional repositories have been found to be a part of the liaison librarian/researcher interaction, in this study. Whilst researchers do engage in these topics on a collegial level, they are also engaging with liaison librarians to better educate themselves in these matters. The principal influence on researchers, asking about these topics, is Performance Based Research Funding (PBRF), and most lines of questioning involve this facet of academic research. It can be said that liaison librarians believe that researchers play an active role in their relationship with the electronic publication environment. The role of the liaison librarian can be seen increasingly as that of facilitator rather than educator and this role is readily accepted by researchers. This study involved only a small research population, at one New Zealand tertiary institution and as such the findings cannot be regarded as universal to all researchers. In addition to this, the findings are based on the perceptions of liaison librarians and not researchers and although these perceptions offer a useful and unique view, it cannot be described as definitive. However this study can be utilized as a starting point for further research that examines both the views of researchers and the study of other academic institutions.</p>

scholarly journals The Perceptions of Liaison Librarians, at a New Zealand Academic Institution, on the Role of Researchers in the Electronic Journal Environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Brent Richard Partner
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Structuration Theory ◽  
Academic Departments ◽  
Electronic Journal ◽  
Electronic Publication ◽  
Tertiary Institution ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Journal Publications

<p>The objective of this project was to examine how liaison librarians perceive the role of the academic researcher in the electronic journal environment. An interview process was undertaken with twelve liaison librarians from the Arts, Business and General Science disciplines, at a New Zealand tertiary institution, to elicit their views in this regard. Interviewees were questioned on the researcher/liaison librarian relationship in terms of their interaction involving direct and indirect forms of communication, on the topic of electronic journal publications. The direct forms of communication examined in this study, included e-mail, phone interviews and face-to-face interactions. The material placed on the Library subject resource web pages, concerning electronic journal publications, encapsulated the indirect method of communication between liaison librarian and researcher. This study was conceptualized with Anthony Giddens' "Structuration Theory" as a contextual basis. Continuous access and search methodologies were discovered to be the predominant themes between liaison librarians and researchers engaged in direct communication, on the topic of electronic publication. Access to available information found in electronic journals proved to be the most critical factor for researchers engaged in information retrieval and dissemination. Search enquiries amongst researchers were generally found to be more about ratification of their methodologies rather than a didactic engagement on how to carry out a particular search. Though these themes were found to be universal across the disciplines, variances between the faculties examined and between academic departments within their respective faculties were discovered. Input from researchers, concerning information on issues surrounding electronic journal publication, which is published on library subject resource pages has been found to be negligible. Although some academic departments do have certain researchers who do engage in the publication of these pages, they are situated in a distinct minority. Information on bibliometric measurement, copyright, and licensing are placed on these pages predominantly on the initiative of the liaison librarians examined. Issues surrounding scholarly communication, bibliometric measurement, open access platforms and institutional repositories have been found to be a part of the liaison librarian/researcher interaction, in this study. Whilst researchers do engage in these topics on a collegial level, they are also engaging with liaison librarians to better educate themselves in these matters. The principal influence on researchers, asking about these topics, is Performance Based Research Funding (PBRF), and most lines of questioning involve this facet of academic research. It can be said that liaison librarians believe that researchers play an active role in their relationship with the electronic publication environment. The role of the liaison librarian can be seen increasingly as that of facilitator rather than educator and this role is readily accepted by researchers. This study involved only a small research population, at one New Zealand tertiary institution and as such the findings cannot be regarded as universal to all researchers. In addition to this, the findings are based on the perceptions of liaison librarians and not researchers and although these perceptions offer a useful and unique view, it cannot be described as definitive. However this study can be utilized as a starting point for further research that examines both the views of researchers and the study of other academic institutions.</p>

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