Fabrication and Characterization of Graphene from Solid Carbon Dioxide

2015 ◽  
Vol 1115 ◽  
pp. 418-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akhama Arifutzzaman ◽  
Iskandar Yaacob ◽  
M.A. Hawlader ◽  
Md Abdul Maleque
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Solid Carbon ◽  
Solid Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Complete Combustion ◽  
Dry Ice ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Product Characterization ◽  
Fabrication And Characterization

Graphene was fabricated by a well-known technique of ignition of magnesium (Mg) metal ribbon in solid carbon dioxide. Two dry ice slabs were used as carbon source for the production of graphene. A hemispherical cavity of about 3-4 cm diameter was carved on surfaces of both dry ice slabs. About 0.5g of Mg ribbon was burnt and immediately placed into the dry ice cavity. It was then covered up by another carved slab of dry ice. After complete combustion, mixture of black and white residues was formed. It was then recovered. 20 ml of 1 M HCl acid was added to the product mixture. Reaction of HCl with MgO and unburned Mg formed MgCl2 which was then washed away by deionized water. The isolated carbon material was separated as product. Characterization of the product was performed using optical microscopy (OM), where images showed the presence of sheet-like light gray objects. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analyses revealed the presences of graphene. The lateral length of the sheet was about 3-3.5 μm and the surface area was about 3-5.5 μm2 using images analysis software.

coating layer itself, an d at the interface between the coating and the substrate, causes instant fracturing and separation of coating material from the surface. In general, if a coating or contaminant is CHEMICALLY bonded to a surface, dry ice particle blasting will NOT effectively remove the coating. If the bond is PHYSICAL o r MECHANICAL in nature, such as a coating of rubber residue which is "anchored" into the porous surface of an aluminum casting, then there is a good chance that dr y ice blasting will work. Contaminants which are etched, or stained into the surfaces of metals, ceramics, plastics, or other materials typically cannot be removed with dry ice blasting. If the surface of the substrate is extremely porous or rough, providing strong mechanical "anchoring" for the contaminant or coating, dr y ice blasting may not be able to remove all of the coating, or the rate of removal may be too slow to allow dry ice blasting to be cost effective. The classic example of a contaminant that does NOT respond to dry ice blast-ing is RUST. Rust is both chemically and strongly mechanically bonded to steel substrate. Advanced stages of rust must be "chiseled" away with abrasive sand blasting. Only the thin film of powderized "flash" rust on a fresh steel surface can be effectively removed with dry ice blasting. 4.2.1.1. Inductio n (venturi) and direct acceleration blast systems - the effect of the typ e of system on available kinetic energy In a two-hose induction (venturi) carbon dioxide blastin g system, the medium particles are moved from the hopper to the "gun" chamber by suction, where they drop to a very low velocity before being induced into the outflow of the nozzle by a large flow volume of compressed air. Some more advanced two-hose systems employ a small positive pressure to the pellet delivery hose. In any type of two-hose system, since the blast medium particles have only a short distance in which to gain momentum and accelerate to the nozzle exit (usually only 200 to 300 mm), the final particle average velocity is limited to between 60 and 120 meters per second. So, in general, two-hose systems, although not so costly, are limited in their ability to deliver contaminant removal kinetic energy to the surface to be cleaned. When more blasting energy is required, these systems must be "boosted" a t the expense of much more air volume required, and higher blast pressure is re-quired as well, with much more nozzle back thrust, and very much more blast noise generated at the nozzle exit plane. The other type of solid carbon dioxide medium blasting system is like the "pressurized pot" abrasive blasting system common in the sand blasting and Plas-ti c Media Blasting industries. These systems use a single delivery hose from the hopper to the "nozzle" applicator in which both the medium particles and the compressed air travel. These systems are more complex and a little more costly than the inductive two-hose systems, but the advantages gained greatly outweigh the extra initial expense. In a single-hose solid carbon dioxide particle blasting system, sometimes referred to as a "direct acceleration " system, the medium is introduced from the hopper into a single, pre-pressurized blast hose through a sealed airlock feeder. The particles begin their acceleration and velocity increase

2003 ◽  
pp. 162-163
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Nozzle Exit ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Solid Carbon ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Solid Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Sand Blasting ◽  
Dry Ice ◽  
Dry Ice Blasting

Evaluation of the Quality of Seer Fish(Scomberomorus commersonii)Stored in Dry Ice (Solid Carbon Dioxide)

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sasi ◽  
G. Jeyasekaran ◽  
S. A. Shanmugam ◽  
R. Jeya Shakila
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Solid Carbon ◽  
Solid Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Dry Ice ◽  
Seer Fish

scholarly journals Dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) exposure with disastrous consequences

QJM ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 757-758
Author(s):  
L Gonzales ◽  
S Sakhamuri ◽  
S Teelucksingh ◽  
R G Ali
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Solid Carbon ◽  
Solid Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Dry Ice

The Artificial Stimulation of Precipitation by Means of Dry Ice

1949 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 232 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Squires ◽  
EJ Smith
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Supercooled Water ◽  
Ice Crystals ◽  
Solid Carbon ◽  
Solid Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Dry Ice ◽  
Cloud Characteristics ◽  
Stimulation Of

In experiments carried out near Sydney, supercooled water clouds were " seeded " with ice crystals by dropping pellets of solid carbon dioxide into them. Up to August 25, 1948, 20 experiments were made under conditions sufficiently well defined for the experiments to be significant. In 15 of them precipitation is believed to have been released artificially. Of 11 clouds with tops colder than -7�C., 10 precipitated. The depth of the treated clouds ranged from 1000 to 15,000 ft. In none of these did natural precipitation occur within 20 miles. Further evidence that the effect is genuine is given by the fact that both the likelihood of success in inducing precipitation and the time between treatment of the cloud and the appearance of precipitation at its base, varied consistently with the cloud characteristics. The observations are consistent with the view, as postulated by Bergeron, that the precipitation grew from ice crystals (formed by the dry ice pellets).

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