Environment Air Pollution Analysis of XiaoYang Barbecue Bar in Xi’an

2012 ◽  
Vol 599 ◽  
pp. 367-371
Author(s):  
Hua Guo ◽  
Chao Liu ◽  
Xi Ping Zhao ◽  
Yin Shan Wu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Daily Variation ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Variation Characteristics ◽  
The Common ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

The concentration of CO2 and PM2.5 were monitored at XiaoYang barbecue bar of Jianshe west road in Xi’an. Then we analyze the daily variation characteristics of CO2 and PM2.5 concentration between peak hours of dining and the common hours. Using GBT18883-2002 and the United States national air quality, Air quality at XiaoYang barbecue bar is evaluated by the data from the monitoring, which shows that the air quality of some barbecue bar in Xi’an is not in accord with the national standard. Air pollution is serious. so much more attention should be paid.

scholarly journals Air Pollution Increases Influenza Hospitalizations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregor Singer ◽  
Joshua Graff Zivin ◽  
Matthew Neidell ◽  
Nicholas Sanders
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Inpatient Hospitalization ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Health Burden ◽  
Severe Influenza

AbstractSeasonal influenza is a recurring health burden shared widely across the globe. We study whether air quality affects the occurrence of severe influenza cases that require inpatient hospitalization. Using longitudinal information on local air quality and hospital admissions across the United States, we find that poor air quality increases the incidence of significant influenza hospital admissions. Effects diminish in years with greater influenza vaccine effectiveness. Apart from increasing vaccination rates, improving air quality may help reduce the spread and severity of influenza.

scholarly journals Contiguous United States wildland fire emission estimates during 2003–2015

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn P. Urbanski ◽  
Matt C. Reeves ◽  
Rachel Corley ◽  
Robin Silverstein ◽  
Wei Min Hao
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Fuel Loading

Abstract. Wildfires are a major source of air pollutants in the United States. Wildfire smoke can trigger severe pollution episodes with substantial impacts on public health. In addition to acute episodes, wildfires can have a marginal effect on air quality at significant distances from the source presenting significant challenges to air regulators’ efforts to meet National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Improved emission estimates are needed to quantify the contribution of wildfires to air pollution and thereby inform decision making activities related to the control and regulation of anthropogenic air pollution sources. To address the need of air regulators and land managers for improved wildfire emission estimates we developed the Missoula Fire Lab Emission Inventory (MFLEI), a retrospective, daily wildfire emission inventory for the contiguous United States (CONUS). MFLEI was produced using multiple datasets of fire activity and burned area, a newly developed wildland fuels map and an updated emission factor database. Daily burned area is based on a combination of Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (MTBS) data, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) burned area and active fire detection products, incident fire perimeters, and a spatial wildfire occurrence database. The fuel type classification map is a merger of a national forest type map, produced by the USDA Forest Service (USFS) Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program and the Geospatial Technology and Applications Center (GTAC), with a shrub and grassland vegetation map developed by the USFS Missoula Forestry Sciences Laboratory. Forest fuel loading is from a fuel classification developed from a large set (> 26 000 sites) of FIA surface fuel measurements. Herbaceous fuel loading is estimated using site specific parameters with normalized differenced vegetation index from MODIS. Shrub fuel loading is quantified by applying numerous allometric equations linking stand structure and composition to biomass and fuels, with the structure and composition data derived from geospatial data layers of the LANDFIRE Project. MFLEI provides estimates of CONUS daily wildfire burned area, fuel consumption, and pollutant emissions at a 250 m × 250 m resolution for 2003–2015. A spatially aggregated emission product (10 km × 10 km, 1 d) with uncertainty estimates is included to provide a representation of emission uncertainties at a spatial scale pertinent to air quality modelling. MFLEI will be updated, with recent years, as the MTBS burned area product becomes available. The data associated with this article can be found at https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2017-0039.

Air Quality Standards Have Room to Improve

Pained ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 193-196
Author(s):  
Michael D. Stein ◽  
Sandro Galea
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Fine Particle ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
The United States ◽  
Medicare Beneficiaries ◽  
Air Quality Standards

This chapter focuses on the improvement of air quality in the United States. Laws such as the Clean Air Act (CAA), signed in 1970, resulted in a drastic reduction in air pollution. Since then, emissions have decreased by 50%. Despite these advances, adverse health effects associated with long-term exposure to air pollution continue. Researchers examined the health effects of pollution in a nationwide cohort of 61 million Medicare beneficiaries from 2000 to 2012. They created maps by linking Medicare mortality data, zip codes, and previously published estimates of ozone and fine particle pollutants (PM2.5). The study’s authors found that long-term exposures to fine particle pollutants and ozone, even at levels below current nationally “acceptable” standards, were associated with an increased risk of death. Persons with low incomes showed the highest risks associated with exposures. Vast improvements in air quality have been made in the past decades in the United States, but this study shows that air quality adhering to National Ambient Air Quality Standards still exposes Americans to levels of pollution that can be lethal over many years of exposure. Thus, air quality standards must be revisited in order to alleviate the burden on the most vulnerable populations.

scholarly journals Contiguous United States wildland fire emission estimates during 2003–2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 2241-2274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn P. Urbanski ◽  
Matt C. Reeves ◽  
Rachel E. Corley ◽  
Robin P. Silverstein ◽  
Wei Min Hao
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Fuel Loading

Abstract. Wildfires are a major source of air pollutants in the United States. Wildfire smoke can trigger severe pollution episodes with substantial impacts on public health. In addition to acute episodes, wildfires can have a marginal effect on air quality at significant distances from the source, presenting significant challenges to air regulators' efforts to meet National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Improved emission estimates are needed to quantify the contribution of wildfires to air pollution and thereby inform decision-making activities related to the control and regulation of anthropogenic air pollution sources. To address the need of air regulators and land managers for improved wildfire emission estimates, we developed the Missoula Fire Lab Emission Inventory (MFLEI), a retrospective, daily wildfire emission inventory for the contiguous United States (CONUS). MFLEI was produced using multiple datasets of fire activity and burned area, a newly developed wildland fuels map and an updated emission factor database. Daily burned area is based on a combination of Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (MTBS) data, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) burned area and active fire detection products, incident fire perimeters, and a spatial wildfire occurrence database. The fuel type classification map is a merger of a national forest type map, produced by the USDA Forest Service (USFS) Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program and the Geospatial Technology and Applications Center (GTAC), with a shrub and grassland vegetation map developed by the USFS Missoula Forestry Sciences Laboratory. Forest fuel loading is from a fuel classification developed from a large set (> 26 000 sites) of FIA surface fuel measurements. Herbaceous fuel loading is estimated using site-specific parameters with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index from MODIS. Shrub fuel loading is quantified by applying numerous allometric equations linking stand structure and composition to biomass and fuels, with the structure and composition data derived from geospatial data layers of the LANDFIRE project. MFLEI provides estimates of CONUS daily wildfire burned area, fuel consumption, and pollutant emissions at a 250 m × 250 m resolution for 2003–2015. A spatially aggregated emission product (10 km × 10 km, 1 day) with uncertainty estimates is included to provide a representation of emission uncertainties at a spatial scale pertinent to air quality modeling. MFLEI will be updated, with recent years, as the MTBS burned area product becomes available. The data associated with this article can be found at https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2017-0039 (Urbanski et al., 2017).

scholarly journals The air quality forecast of PM<sub>10</sub> in Beijing with Community Multi-scale Air Quality Modeling (CMAQ) system: emission and improvement

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 3403-3439
Author(s):  
Q. Wu ◽  
W. Xu ◽  
A. Shi ◽  
Y. Li ◽  
X. Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Area Source ◽  
Air Quality Forecast ◽  
Pollution Episode ◽  
Quality Forecast

Abstract. The MM5-SMOKE-CMAQ model system, which was developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) as the Models-3 system, has been used for daily air quality forecasts in the Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center (Beijing MEMC), as a part of the Ensemble Air Quality Forecast System for Beijing (EMS-Beijing) since the Olympic Games 2008. According to the daily forecast results for the entire duration of 2010, the model shows good model performances in the PM10 forecast on most days but clearly underestimates some air pollution episodes. A typical air pollution episode from 11–20 January 2010 was chosen, where the observed air pollution index of particulate matter (PM10-API) reached to 180 while the forecast's PM10-API was about 100. In this study, three numerical methods are used for model improvement: first, enhance the inner domain with 3 km resolution grids: the coverage is expanded from only Beijing to the area including Beijing and its surrounding cities; second, add more regional point source emissions located at Baoding, Landfang and Tangshan, which is to the south and east of Beijing; third, update the area source emissions, which includes the regional area source emissions in Baoding and Tangshan and the local village–town level area source emissions in Beijing. As a result, the hindcast shows a much better model performance in the national standard station-averaged PM10-API, whereas the daily hindcast PM10-API reaches 180 and is much closer to the observation and has a correlation coefficient of 0.93. The correlation coefficient of the PM10-API in all Beijing MEMC stations between the hindcast and observation is 0.82, obviously higher than the forecast's 0.54, and the FAC2 increases from 56% in the forecast to 84% in the hindcast, while the NMSE decreases from 0.886 to 0.196. The hindcast also has better model performance in PM10 hourly concentrations during the typical air pollution episode, the correlation coefficient increases from 0.77 in the forecast to 0.88, the FAC increases from 62% to 74%, and the NMSE decreases to 0.190. All of this illustrates that the hindcast gives much better model performance than the forecast in PM10 prediction in Beijing stations.

scholarly journals Impacts of emission changes in China from 2010 to 2017 on domestic and intercontinental air quality and health effect

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 16051-16065
Author(s):  
Yuqiang Zhang ◽  
Drew Shindell ◽  
Karl Seltzer ◽  
Lu Shen ◽  
Jean-Francois Lamarque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Surface Ozone ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
Concentration Changes ◽  
Emission Changes ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

Abstract. China has experienced dramatic changes in emissions since 2010, which accelerated following the implementation of the Clean Air Action program in 2013. These changes have resulted in significant air quality improvements that are reflected in observations from both surface networks and satellite observations. Air pollutants, such as PM2.5, surface ozone, and their precursors, have long enough lifetimes in the troposphere to be easily transported downwind. Emission changes in China will thus not only change the domestic air quality but will also affect the air quality in other regions. In this study, we use a global chemistry transport model (CAM-chem) to simulate the influence of Chinese emission changes from 2010 to 2017 on both domestic and foreign air quality. We then quantify the changes in air-pollution-associated (including both PM2.5 and O3) premature mortality burdens at regional and global scales. Within our simulation period, the population-weighted annual PM2.5 concentration in China peaks in 2011 (94.1 µg m−3) and decreases to 69.8 µg m−3 by 2017. These estimated national PM2.5 concentration changes in China are comparable with previous studies using fine-resolution regional models, though our model tends to overestimate PM2.5 from 2013 to 2017 when evaluated with surface observations. Relative to 2010, emission changes in China increased the global PM2.5-associated premature mortality burdens through 2013, among which a majority of the changes (∼ 93 %) occurred in China. The sharp emission decreases after 2013 generated significant benefits for human health. By 2017, emission changes in China reduced premature deaths associated with PM2.5 by 108 800 (92 800–124 800) deaths per year globally, relative to 2010, among which 92 % were realized in China. In contrast, the population-weighted, annually averaged maximum daily 8 h ozone concentration peaked in 2014 and did not reach 2010 levels by 2017. As such, O3 generated nearly 8500 (6500–9900) more premature deaths per year in 2017 compared to 2010. Downwind regions, such as South Korea, Japan, and the United States, generally experienced O3 improvements following 2013 due to the decreased export of ozone and its precursors. Overall, we conclude that the sharp emission reductions in China over the past decade have generated substantial benefits for air quality that have reduced premature deaths associated with air pollution at a global scale.

Benjamin Henry Latrobe and the nomenclature of two North American fishes

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-88
Author(s):  
CHARLOTTE M PORTER
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North American ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Shad ◽  
New Name ◽  
The Common ◽  
Fish Louse

A curious error affects the names of three North American clupeids—the Alewife, American Shad, and Menhaden. The Alewife was first described by the British-born American architect, Benjamin Henry Latrobe in 1799, just two years after what is generally acknowledged as the earliest description of any ichthyological species published in the United States. Latrobe also described the ‘fish louse’, the common isopod parasite of the Alewife, with the new name, Oniscus praegustator. Expressing an enthusiasm for American independence typical of his generation, Latrobe humorously proposed the name Clupea tyrannus for the Alewife because the fish, like all tyrants, had parasites or hangers-on.

Rediscovering Blackstone: wpływ Williama Blackstone’a na rozwój amerykańskiej nauki prawa w recepcji Alberta W. Alschulera

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-185
Author(s):  
Edyta Sokalska
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Common Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
Law School ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
American Law ◽  
The Common

The reception of common law in the United States was stimulated by a very popular and influential treatise Commentaries on the Laws of England by Sir William Blackstone, published in the late 18th century. The work of Blackstone strengthened the continued reception of the common law from the American colonies into the constituent states. Because of the large measure of sovereignty of the states, common law had not exactly developed in the same way in every state. Despite the fact that a single common law was originally exported from England to America, a great variety of factors had led to the development of different common law rules in different states. Albert W. Alschuler from University of Chicago Law School is one of the contemporary American professors of law. The part of his works can be assumed as academic historical-legal narrations, especially those concerning Blackstone: Rediscovering Blackstone and Sir William Blackstone and the Shaping of American Law. Alschuler argues that Blackstone’s Commentaries inspired the evolution of American and British law. He introduces not only the profile of William Blackstone, but also examines to which extent the concepts of Blackstone have become the basis for the development of the American legal thought.

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