A Software for Estimating Cosmic Radiation Exposure of Aircraft Crew

2013 ◽  
Vol 684 ◽  
pp. 234-237
Author(s):  
Qian Li ◽  
Shi Feng Zhang ◽  
Ying Jin Feng ◽  
Wei Ru Chen
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Radiation Source ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Radiation Doses ◽  
Three Dimension ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Ionization Radiation ◽  
Effective Radiation ◽  
Basic Standard

To estimate Radiation doses received onboard aircraft to protect aircrew in accordance with the basic standard on ionization radiation protection and radiation source safety of China, we has developed a software called CARD used to calculate the effective radiation doses. A three dimension matrix is kernel part of the CARD, in the matrix preserves information about effective dose rates of cosmic radiation for retrieval is constructed. The data of matrix are based on results of simulation and measurements. The comparisons between the calculated effective dose using this tool and using CARI-6 respectively for various flights are carried out. The present analysis shows that for the cosmic radiation, this software is sufficient to ensure a precision on the dose estimate of flight.

IN-FLIGHT EXPOSURE TO COSMIC RADIATION ALONG SOME COMMERCIAL AIRLINE ROUTES TO AND FROM NIGERIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-69
Author(s):  
O O ALATISE ◽  
A A ADEPOJU
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Radiation Doses ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Commercial Airline ◽  
Additional Level ◽  
Airline Crews

The study of “external” radiation called cosmic radiation that strikes the earth from anywhere beyond the atmosphere is of great importance in radiation protection. All human beings are exposed to an uncontrollable amount of cosmic radiation on the ground level. Those who travel in space, airline crews and frequent flyers are exposed to additional level of cosmic radiation during their trip but unfor-tunately many of them are not aware of this. This workcalculates the exposure of aircrews and fre-quent flyers to cosmic radiation during travel along some air routes to and from Nigeria. The effective dose was computed using a dedicated software CARI 6M, developed by US FAA.The study focuses on the significance of the in-flight exposure, assessment and estimation of in-flight exposure using the dedicated software and some ways of controlling the exposures so that airline crews and frequent flyers are not exposed to fatal levels of radiation.It was observed that the cosmic radiation doses re-ceived by passengers and crew members on board on flights from Lagos Nigeria to countries in Amer-ica were more than what they received en-route countries in Asia.

scholarly journals Alteration of medical radiation exposure annual collective effective dose of the population of Tatarstan from 1998 to 2010

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 811-816
Author(s):  
S A Ryzhkin ◽  
S I Ivanov ◽  
M A Patyashina ◽  
R K Ismagilov
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Exposure Dose ◽  
Radiation Doses ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Medical Radiation ◽  
X Ray Computed ◽  
Medical Radiation Exposure ◽  
Effective Radiation ◽  
Radiological Examinations

Aim. To find out the contemporary principles of collective effective dose of medical radiation formation gained due to medical X-ray and radiological examinations. Methods. Data analysis of radiation and hygiene passports of Republic of Tatarstan territory for the period from 1998 to 2010 was fulfilled. Change of healthcare radiation sources number over time was defined. Number of performed medical X-ray and radiological examinations, average patient’s individual and total effective radiation doses were compared. Results. The number of medical X-ray and radiological examinations increased annually. The rate of different X-ray and radiological examinations as well as gained total effective radiation doses has changed significantly during the analyzed period of time. Use of digital technologies in radiology allowed to decrease average patient’s individual doses to 0.16 mSv for chest photofluorography and to 0.15 mSv for standard X-ray. In recent years, X-ray computed tomography is the largest contribution (40.6%) to the collective effective medical exposure dose of the population. Conclusion. Ionizing radiation use in medical practice remains one of the leading sources of the combined population radiation, primarily due to modern X-ray and radiological examinations; it requires attention and development of special arrangement, technical, prevention measures to decrease unfavorable influence of radiation to population.

Radiation Minimisation and Outcome Maximisation in Cardiac Computed Tomograpy

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
James P Earls ◽  
Jonathon A Leipsic ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Dose Reduction ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Cardiac Computed Tomography ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Radiation Doses ◽  
Tube Current ◽  
Prospective Triggering ◽  
Effective Radiation ◽  
Selection Of

Recent reports have raised general awareness that cardiac computed tomography (CT) has the potential for relatively high effective radiation doses. While the actual amount of risk this poses to the patient is controversial, the increasing concern has led to a great deal of research on new CT techniques capable of imaging the heart at substantially lower radiation doses than was available only a few years ago. Methods of dose reduction include optimised selection of user-defined parameters, such as tube current and voltage, as well as use of new technologies, such as prospective triggering and iterative reconstruction. These techniques have each been shown to lead to substantial reduction in radiation dose without loss of diagnostic accuracy. This article will review the most frequently used and widely available methods for radiation dose reduction in cardiac CT and give practical advice on their use and limitations.

1948 ORGAN SPECIFIC RADIATION DOSE RATES AND EFFECTIVE DOSE DURING PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTOMY

2012 ◽  
Vol 187 (4S) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lipkin ◽  
John Mancini ◽  
Agnes Wang ◽  
Greta Toncheva ◽  
Colin Anderson-Evans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Organ Specific

PARMA: PHITS-based Analytical Radiation Model in the Atmosphere—Verification of Its Accuracy in Estimating Cosmic Radiation Doses

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuhiko Sato ◽  
Hiroshi Yasuda ◽  
Masashi Takada ◽  
Takashi Nakamura ◽  
Daiki Satoh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Radiation Doses ◽  
Radiation Model

Radiation Risk Assessment in Patients for Chest CT Diagnostics of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
E. Matkevich
Keyword(s):  
Older Persons ◽  
Radiation Risk ◽  
Chest Ct ◽  
Risk Indicators ◽  
Radiation Doses ◽  
Diagnostic Center ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Effective Radiation

Purpose: To assess effective radiation doses for chest CT for the diagnosis of COVID-19 and calculate the radiation risk of the effects of this exposure. Material and methods: We analyzed the results of 1003 CT examinations of the chest performed in patients (6.2 %‒children 12–14 years, 15.3 %‒adolescents 15–19 years, 60.1 %‒adults 20–64 years, 18.4 %‒older persons 65 years and older) with suspected COVID-19 during one week in October 2020 in the city diagnostic center. In each group, the average effective dose (ED, mSv) was calculated. Results: The average ED values and confidence intervals (P=0.05) for patients with a single CT scan were: in children 2.59±0.19 mSv, in adolescents 3.23±0.17 mSv, in adults 3.43±0.08 mSv, in older persons 3.28±0.19 mSv. The maximum radiation risk indicators were observed in groups of children (24.1×10-5) and adolescents (23.3×10-5). For adult patients the means risk was 14.4×10-5. In groups of women radiation risk was 1.3–2.3 twice as high, as in male patients. The risk values in children, adolescents and adults are in the range 10×10-5 – 100×10-5 (low), for the older patients were 2.6×10-5 (very low). Conclusion: Because of the study established effective radiation doses for chest CT of patients with the diagnosis of COVID-19 and the radiation risk for 1-3 times chest CT by age and sex of patients was calculated. It was found that the radiation risk for single, double and triple chest CT for patients under 65 is low, 65 and older is very low. Taking into account the radiation risk during CT is necessary to reduce the long-term consequences of radiation exposure on the population.

scholarly journals Intraoperative 2D C-arm and 3D O-arm in children: a comparative phantom study

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 550-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Prod’homme ◽  
M. Sans-Merce ◽  
N. Pitteloud ◽  
J. Damet ◽  
P. Lascombes
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Scattered Radiation ◽  
Intraoperative Imaging ◽  
Radiation Doses ◽  
Organ Doses ◽  
Thermoluminescent Dosimeters ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Absorbed Doses ◽  
Entrance Dose ◽  
Student’S T

Purpose Exposure to ionizing radiation is a concern for children during intraoperative imaging. We aimed to assess the radiation exposure to the paediatric patient with 2D and 3D imaging. Methods To evaluate the radiation exposure, patient absorbed doses to the organs were measured in an anthropomorphic phantom representing a five-year-old child, using thermoluminescent dosimeters. For comparative purposes, organ doses were measured using a C-arm for one minute of fluoroscopy and one acquisition with an O-arm. The cone-beam was centred on the pelvis. Direct and scattered irradiations were measured and compared (Student’s t-test). Skin entrance dose rates were also evaluated. Results All radiation doses were expressed in µGy. Direct radiation doses of pelvic organs were between 631.22 and 1691.87 for the O-arm and between 214.08 and 737.51 for the C-arm, and were not significant (p = 0.07). Close scattered radiation on abdominal organs were between 25.11 and 114.85 for the O-arm and between 8.03 and 55.34 for the C-arm, and were not significant (p = 0.07). Far scattered radiation doses on thorax, neck and head varied from 0.86 to 6.42 for the O-arm and from 0.04 to 3.08 for the C-arm, and were significant (p = 0.02). The dose rate at the skin entrance was 328.58 µGy.s−1 for the O-arm and 1.90 with the C-arm. Conclusion During imaging of the pelvis, absorbed doses for a 3D O-arm acquisition were higher than with one minute fluoroscopy with the C-arm. Further clinical studies comparing effective doses are needed to assess ionizing risks of the intraoperative imaging systems in children.

scholarly journals Evaluation of environmental natural radioactivity levels in soil and ground water of Barkin Ladi, Plateau state, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-342
Author(s):  
Habu Tela Abba ◽  
Wan Muhammad Saridan Wan Hassan ◽  
Muneer Aziz saleh
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Gamma Dose ◽  
Chemical Toxicity ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Plateau State ◽  
Geochemical Investigation

Gamma spectrometry was used to measure gamma dose rate in air and to determine the activity concentration of naturally occurring radionuclides viz. 226Ra 232Th and 40K in soil samples collected across the geological formations of Barkin Ladi. Dose rates measured in-situ ranged from 5 nGy h−1 to 1265 nGy h−1 with a mean value of 325 nGy h−1. The activity concentrations of 226Ra ranged from 27 to 327 Bq kg−1, 34 to 457 Bq kg−1 for 232Th and 43 to 1055 Bq kg−1 for 40K. Their mean values are significantly higher than their corresponding global average values. Annual effective dose due to exposure to gamma dose is calculated at 0.34 mSv y−1. Mass concentrations of uranium (238U) and thorium (232Th) determined in groundwater samples using Inductive Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) ranged from 2.5 to 35 µg l−1 for 238U and 0.5 to 15 µg l−1 for 232Th. Ingestion effective dose varies between 10.5 and 142 mSv y−1 for 238U and between 0.34 and 10.2 mSv y−1 for 232Th. Mass concentration of three water samples exceed the toxicity limit of U in groundwater provided by WHO. The result revealed that human risk due to ingestion of groundwater is from chemical toxicity rather than radiological effects.  The results of this work will be useful for radio-geochemical investigation and groundwater resources management.

scholarly journals SOME ISSUES OF LIFE ACTIVITIES OF POPULATION IN THE CHORNOBYL EXCLUSION ZONE IN UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 141-161
Author(s):  
N. Gunko ◽  
◽  
O. Ivanova ◽  
K. Loganovsky ◽  
N. Korotkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Nuclear Power Plant ◽  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Radiation Doses ◽  
Total Radiation ◽  
Exclusion Zone ◽  
Permanent Residence ◽  
Total Radiation Dose ◽  
Effective Radiation

Background. Radiation accidents at the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant (USSR, 1986) and Fukushima-1 (Japan, 2011) have shown that global environmental contamination is an intervention in normal human life making negative effect on population health. These accidents highlighted a number of statutory and regulatory both with medical and social problems for individuals, who returned voluntarily for permanent residence in the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone i.e. a radiation-hazardous area (they are named the «self-settlers»). Objective: generalization of experience in the settlement of normative-legal, ecological-dosimetric and medicosocial life issues of population living in the Chornobyl NPP (ChNPP) Exclusion Zone («self-settlers»). Object and methods. The chosen problem is complex, necessitating the generalization of radiation-hygienic, medical-biological, socio-economic, demographic and sociological research results obtained by the national and foreign authors. A set of theoretical research and analysis of empirical data methods on the principles of interdisciplinary interaction was used; the systematic, legal, economic, medical-biological, demographic and retrospective-dosimetric approaches of research were applied. Results. It was shown that a part of population refused to evacuate or had returned for permanent residence to the radiation-hazardous lands after the ChNPP accident. In 1986–2009 the number of «self-settlers» ranged from 150 to 2,000 in different years. In 2021 – the 101 people. Those were mainly people of working age, mostly females, single people or widows/widowers. Рrevious medical and dosimetric studies have shown that long-term residence in the Exclusion Zone affects physical and mental health of «self-settlers» and causes atypical aging, including involvement of the central nervous system. According to calculations, the average effective total radiation dose accumulated by «self-settlers» for the first 3 years was 30 % of dose for the entire post-accident period, and the dose accumulated over 20 years was 54 % of the dose accumulated over 35 years. But the effective radiation doses accumulated in different periods after the accident differ significantly in residents of different Exclusion Zone settlements. This information needs further study in terms of the «radiation dose - health status» dependence. Conclusions. The effective radiation doses accumulated in different periods after the accident differ significantly in the residents of different Exclusion Zone settlements. Тhe average effective total radiation dose accumulated by «self-settlers» for the first 3 years was 30 % of the dose for the entire post-accident period, and the dose accumulated over 20 years was 54 % of the dose accumulated over 35 years. The Scientific Council meeting of NAMS approved the NRCRM Annual Report. Key words: Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant, Exclusion Zone, «self-settlers», radiation doses, health.

scholarly journals Reducing cranial computed tomography effective radiation dose by 30% using adaptive iterative dose reduction

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 230-234
Author(s):  
Wai-Yung Yu ◽  
Thye Sin Ho ◽  
Henry Ko ◽  
Wai-Yee Chan ◽  
Serene Ong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Image Quality ◽  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Dose Reduction ◽  
Diagnostic Image Quality ◽  
Radiation Doses ◽  
Effective Radiation Dose ◽  
Diagnostic Image ◽  
Ct Head ◽  
Effective Radiation

Introduction: The use of computed tomography (CT) imaging as a diagnostic modality is increasing rapidly and CT is the dominant contributor to diagnostic medical radiation exposure. The aim of this project was to reduce the effective radiation dose to patients undergoing cranial CT examination, while maintaining diagnostic image quality. Methods: Data from a total of 1003, 132 and 27 patients were examined for three protocols: CT head, CT angiography (CTA), and CT perfusion (CTP), respectively. Following installation of adaptive iterative dose reduction (AIDR) 3D software, tube current was lowered in consecutive cycles, in a stepwise manner and effective radiation doses measured at each step. Results: Baseline effective radiation doses for CT head, CTA and CTP were 1.80, 3.60 and 3.96 mSv, at currents of 300, 280 and 130–150 mA, respectively. Using AIDR 3D and final reduced currents of 160, 190 and 70–100 mA for CT head, CTA and CTP gave effective doses of 1.29, 3.18 and 2.76 mSv, respectively. Conclusion: We demonstrated that satisfactory reductions in the effective radiation dose for CT head (28.3%), CTA (11.6%) and CTP (30.1%) can be achieved without sacrificing diagnostic image quality. We have also shown that iterative reconstruction techniques such as AIDR 3D can be effectively used to help reduce effective radiation dose. The dose reductions were performed within a short period and can be easily achievable, even in busy departments.

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