Intraoperative 2D C-arm and 3D O-arm in children: a comparative phantom study

Purpose Exposure to ionizing radiation is a concern for children during intraoperative imaging. We aimed to assess the radiation exposure to the paediatric patient with 2D and 3D imaging. Methods To evaluate the radiation exposure, patient absorbed doses to the organs were measured in an anthropomorphic phantom representing a five-year-old child, using thermoluminescent dosimeters. For comparative purposes, organ doses were measured using a C-arm for one minute of fluoroscopy and one acquisition with an O-arm. The cone-beam was centred on the pelvis. Direct and scattered irradiations were measured and compared (Student’s t-test). Skin entrance dose rates were also evaluated. Results All radiation doses were expressed in µGy. Direct radiation doses of pelvic organs were between 631.22 and 1691.87 for the O-arm and between 214.08 and 737.51 for the C-arm, and were not significant (p = 0.07). Close scattered radiation on abdominal organs were between 25.11 and 114.85 for the O-arm and between 8.03 and 55.34 for the C-arm, and were not significant (p = 0.07). Far scattered radiation doses on thorax, neck and head varied from 0.86 to 6.42 for the O-arm and from 0.04 to 3.08 for the C-arm, and were significant (p = 0.02). The dose rate at the skin entrance was 328.58 µGy.s−1 for the O-arm and 1.90 with the C-arm. Conclusion During imaging of the pelvis, absorbed doses for a 3D O-arm acquisition were higher than with one minute fluoroscopy with the C-arm. Further clinical studies comparing effective doses are needed to assess ionizing risks of the intraoperative imaging systems in children.

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Estimating Radiation Dose to Major Organs in Dental X-Ray Examinations: A Phantom Study

Radiation Protection Dosimetry ◽

10.1093/rpd/ncaa196 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yong Li ◽

Bingsheng Huang ◽

Jun Cao ◽

Tianqi Fang ◽

Guoqing Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Radiation Dose ◽

Reference Level ◽

Radiation Doses ◽

Diagnostic Reference Level ◽

Effective Radiation Dose ◽

Organ Doses ◽

X Ray ◽

Absorbed Doses ◽

Males And Females ◽

Effective Radiation

Abstract The radiation doses absorbed by major organs of males and females were studied from three types of dental X-ray devices. The absorbed doses from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), panoramic and intraoral X-ray machines were in the range of 0.23–1314.85 μGy, and were observed to be high in organs and tissues located in or adjacent to the irradiated area, there were discrepancies in organ doses between male and female. Thyroid, salivary gland, eye lens and brain were the organs that received higher absorbed doses. The organ absorbed doses were considerably lower than the diagnostic reference level for dental radiography in China. The calculated effective radiation doses for males and females were 56.63, 8.15, 2.56 μSv and 55.18, 8.99, 2.39 μSv, respectively, when using CBCT, the panoramic X-ray machine and intraoral X-ray machine. The effective radiation dose caused by CBCT was much higher than those of panoramic and intraoral X-ray machines.

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Radiation doses deriving from patients treated with 166Ho-ferric hydroxide

Nuklearmedizin ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1625736 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 42 (06) ◽

pp. 251-254

Author(s):

C. Pirich ◽

P. John ◽

S. Ofluoglu ◽

H. Sinzinger ◽

E. Havlik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Radiation Exposure ◽

Radiation Protection ◽

Ferric Hydroxide ◽

Medical Personnel ◽

Whole Body ◽

Radiation Doses ◽

Annual Dose ◽

Tracer Injection ◽

Dose Rates ◽

Protection Devices

Summary Aim: To estimate radiation doses deriving from patients treated with 166Ho ferric hydroxide. Methods: For radiation synoviorthesis about 900 ± 100 MBq 166Ho ferric hydroxide was injected into the knee joint of 16 patients. To estimate the radiation exposure of persons in the neighbourhood of the patients measurements of the dose rates were performed at 0.5 m, 1 m and 2 m distance of the treated joint 10 min after tracer injection. Measurements were carried out with and without radiation protection devices of the syringe. Results: The initial values of the dose rate were 11.9 μSv/h at 0.5 m, 3.5 μSv/h at 1 m and 1 μSv/h at 2 m distance, respectively. The whole body doses were 2.9 μSv for the physician and 4.6 μSv for the technologist. The finger doses for the technologist and the physician were ranging from 65 to 111 μSv. After discharge at home other persons might receive 118 μSv. Conclusion: Our results, under very strict assumptions, clearly demonstrate that the calculated radiation exposure to medical and non medical personnel is well below the maximum annual dose limit. The use of any additional radiation protection device as syringe shielding does not significantly lower radiation exposure.

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Radiation Doses to Patients and Personnel Involved in Embolization of Intracerebral Arteriovenous Malformations

Acta Radiologica ◽

10.1177/028418519103200611 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 32 (6) ◽

pp. 492-497 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

B. Berthelsen ◽

Å. Cederblad

Keyword(s):

Arteriovenous Malformation ◽

Ionization Chamber ◽

Arteriovenous Malformations ◽

Radiation Doses ◽

Effective Dose Equivalent ◽

Nurse Anesthetist ◽

Dose Equivalent ◽

Thermoluminescent Dosimeters ◽

Absorbed Doses ◽

Dose Limits

Radiation doses to patients and personnel were measured during 5 embolization procedures in 5 different patients. Thermoluminescent dosimeters were used to measure the absorbed doses in different points of the skin of patients as well as personnel. A transmission ionization chamber was used to determine the energy imparted in the patients. The effective dose equivalent HE during the procedures was estimated to be in the range of 6 to 43 mSv to the patients, 10 to 26 μSv to the radiologist in charge of the embolizations, 3 to 24 μSv to the assisting radiographer and 13 to 86 μSv to the nurse anesthetist. Radiation doses to the patients were considerable but the estimated risks from radiation were low compared to the risks of the arteriovenous malformation itself and the hazards of the embolization. The annual radiation doses to the personnel were well below established dose limits.

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Evaluation of radiation exposure from fluoroscopic examination in small animal veterinary staff using thermoluminescent dosimeters

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/141/2018-vetmed ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 64 (No. 6) ◽

pp. 266-270

Author(s):

J An ◽

S Lim ◽

S Lee ◽

H Kim ◽

K Min ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Radiation Dose ◽

Radiation Exposure ◽

Small Animal ◽

Radiation Doses ◽

Thermoluminescent Dosimeters ◽

Fluoroscopic Examination ◽

Protection Devices ◽

Exposure Levels ◽

A Prospective Study ◽

Occupational Radiation

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occupational radiation exposure levels of veterinary staff during fluoroscopic examination using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). A prospective study was conducted to measure radiation doses in three positioned persons (two restrainers and one observer) using TLDs. The TLDs were placed on the inside and outside of the lead-equivalent protective devices of the panorama mask, thyroid shield, apron and arm shield. The TLDs were placed at five anatomic sites (eye, thyroid, breast, gonad and hand). Radiation exposure was measured in 65 fluoroscopic examinations at 80 kVp and 100 mAs. The doses (mSv) (outside/inside the shield) measured in restrainers A and B and observer C were 3.09/0.59, 3.80/0.65 and 0.63/0.44 in the eye; 2.20/0.73, 1.88/1.10 and 0.79/0.45 in the thyroid; 3.42/0.44, 3.94/2.35 and 0.61/0.34 in the breast; 1.84/0.45, 1.69/0.23 and 0.46/0.36 in the gonad; and 5.56/3.16, 8.29/2.99 and 0.79/0.34 in the hand, respectively. Out of all the lead protection devices, the radiation dose of the hand was the highest in all three participants, with the thyroid radiation dose value being the same as the hand in the observer C. Radiation doses received by the eyes of all three participants were also not negligible. Veterinary workers exposed to radiation through not only radiography but also fluoroscopy should wear protective gear, especially for the eyes.

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Stellenwert der Navigation

Die Wirbelsäule ◽

10.1055/s-0043-112422 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 01 (04) ◽

pp. 317-334

Author(s):

Jan-Sven Jarvers ◽

Ulrich Spiegl ◽

Stefan Glasmacher ◽

Christoph Heyde ◽

Christoph Josten

Keyword(s):

Patient Safety ◽

Radiation Exposure ◽

Pedicle Screw ◽

Spinal Surgery ◽

Intraoperative Imaging ◽

Intraoperative Navigation ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Tumor Diseases ◽

Intraoperative Control ◽

Improved Technology

Abstract Importance of Navigation Navigation and intraoperative imaging have undergone an enormous development in recent years. By using intraoperative navigation, the precision of pedicle screw implantation can be increased in the sense of patient safety. Especially in the case of complex defects or tumor diseases, navigation is a decisive aid. As a result of the constantly improved technology, the requirements for reduced radiation exposure and intraoperative control can also be met. The high costs of the devices can be amortized, for example by a reduced number of revisions. This overview presents the principles of navigation in spinal surgery and the advantages and disadvantages of the different navigation procedures.

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Radiation exposure in the environment of patients after application of radiopharmaceuticals

Nuklearmedizin ◽

10.3413/nukmed-0184 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 47 (06) ◽

pp. 267-274 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

F. Boldt ◽

C. Kobe ◽

W. Eschner ◽

H. Schicha ◽

F. Sudbrock

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Medicine ◽

Radiation Exposure ◽

Radioactive Source ◽

Time Intervals ◽

The Public ◽

Dose Rates ◽

Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine ◽

Photon Dose ◽

Order Of Magnitude ◽

Study Dose

Summary Aim: After application of radiopharmaceuticals the patient becomes a radioactive source which leads to radiation exposure in the proximity. The photon dose rates after administration of different radiopharmaceuticals used in diagnostic nuclear medicine were measured at several distances and different time intervals. These data are of importance for estimating the exposure of technologists and members of the public. Patients, method: In this study dose rates were measured for 67 patients after application of the following radiopharmaceuticals: 99mTc-HDP as well as 99mTcpertechnetate, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose, 111In-Octreotid and Zevalin® and 123I-mIBG in addition to 123I-NaI. The dose rates were measured immediately following application at six different distances to the patient. After two hours the measurements were repeated and – whenever possible – after 24 hours and seven days. Results: Immediately following application the highest dose rates were below 1 mSv / h: with a maximum at 780 μSv/h for 18F (370 MBq), 250 μSv/h for 99mTc (700 MBq), 150 μSv/h for 111In (185 MBq) and 132 μSv/ h for 123I (370 MBq). At a distance of 0.5 m the values decrease significantly by an order of magnitude. Two hours after application the values are diminished to 1/3 (99mTc, 18F), to nearly ½ (123I) but remain in the same order of magnitude for the longer-lived 111In radiopharmaceuticals. Conclusion: For greater distances the doses remain below the limits outlined in the national legislation.

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Evaluation of Velopharyngeal Closure Function With 4-Dimensional Computed Tomography and Assessment of Radiation Exposure in Pediatric Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study

The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal ◽

10.1177/10556656211001732 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 105566562110017

Author(s):

Yoshikazu Kobayashi ◽

Masanao Kobayashi ◽

Daisuke Kanamori ◽

Naoko Fujii ◽

Yumi Kataoka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Radiation Exposure ◽

Exposure Dose ◽

Velopharyngeal Insufficiency ◽

Radiation Doses ◽

Secondary Surgery ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Computed Tomography Images ◽

Velopharyngeal Closure ◽

Closure Function

Objective: Some patients with cleft palate (CP) need secondary surgery to improve functionality. Although 4-dimensional assessment of velopharyngeal closure function (VPF) in patients with CP using computed tomography (CT) has been existed, the knowledge about quantitative evaluation and radiation exposure dose is limited. We performed a qualitative and quantitative assessment of VPF using CT and estimated the exposure doses. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Computed tomography images from 5 preoperative patients with submucous CP (SMCP) and 10 postoperative patients with a history of CP (8 boys and 7 girls, aged 4-7 years) were evaluated. Patients: Five patients had undergone primary surgery for SMCP; 10 received secondary surgery for hypernasality. Main Outcome Measures: The presence of velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI), patterns of velopharyngeal closure (VPC), and cross-sectional area (CSA) of VPI was evaluated via CT findings. Organ-absorbed radiation doses were estimated in 5 of 15 patients. The differences between cleft type and VPI, VPC patterns, and CSA of VPI were evaluated. Results: All patients had VPI. The VPC patterns (SMCP/CP) were evaluated as coronal (1/4), sagittal (0/1), circular (1/2), and circular with Passavant’s ridge (2/2); 2 patients (1/1) were unevaluable because of poor VPF. The CSA of VPI was statistically larger in the SMCP group ( P = .0027). The organ-absorbed radiation doses were relatively lower than those previously reported. Conclusions: Four-dimensional CT can provide the detailed findings of VPF that are not possible with conventional CT, and the exposure dose was considered medically acceptable.

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Effects of resveratrol against scattered radiation-induced testicular damage in rats

Turkish Journal of Biochemistry ◽

10.1515/tjb-2020-0320 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Tarik Emre Sener ◽

Beste Melek Atasoy ◽

Ozge Cevik ◽

Ozlem Tugce Cilingir Kaya ◽

Sule Cetinel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ionizing Radiation ◽

Radiation Exposure ◽

Scattered Radiation ◽

Caspase 3 ◽

Sirtuin 1 ◽

Protective Agent ◽

Testicular Damage ◽

Testosterone Levels ◽

Protein Expressions ◽

Ionizing Radiation Exposure

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the possible protective effects of resveratrol against oxidative testicular damage due to scattered radiation during pelvic ionizing radiation exposure in rats.MethodsRats were divided into 5 groups; control, radiation, and radiation + resveratrol therapy in early and late periods. Under anesthesia, 20 Gy ionizing radiation was applied to prostatic region. Resveratrol was administered (10 mg/kg/day) orally before ionizing radiation exposure. Animals were decapitated at the end of 1st and 10th weeks. Biochemical markers of oxidative stress; caspase-3 and sirtuin-1 protein expressions; testosterone levels were evaluated, histological examinations were performed.ResultsSignificant increases in malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine levels, myeloperoxidase, and caspase-3 activities were observed after ionizing radiation exposure, also superoxide dismutase and glutathione activities were significantly decreased. Radiotherapy increased caspase-3 and decreased sirtuin-1 protein expressions. Resveratrol treatment significantly reversed these parameters and also reversed the decrease in testosterone levels back to control levels in late period.ConclusionResveratrol showed antioxidant and sirtuin-activating properties against oxidative damage caused by scattered radiation to testis and provided hormonal protection. These results suggest that resveratrol may be an alternative protective agent on testicular tissues against the effects of scattered pelvic radiation.

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Scattered Radiation Doses to Some Critical Organs During Pediatric Radiotherapy

Health Physics ◽

10.1097/00004032-198504000-00007 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 447-451

Author(s):

E. Theo Agard ◽

Gunther Ehlers ◽

Shirley Kirchberg

Keyword(s):

Scattered Radiation ◽

Radiation Doses

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PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF PATIENT RADIATION DOSES DURING RADIONUCLIDE DIAGNOSTIC WITH MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES LABELED WITH 89Zr

Pharmacy Formulas ◽

10.17816/phf81118 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Larisa A. Chipiga ◽

Anna E. Petrova ◽

Artem A. Mosunov ◽

Laura T. Naurzbaeva ◽

Stanislaus M. Kushnarenko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Monoclonal Antibodies ◽

Dose Assessment ◽

Published Data ◽

Radiation Doses ◽

Preliminary Evaluation ◽

Software Products ◽

Absorbed Doses ◽

Order Of Magnitude ◽

Effective Doses

In connection with the constantly increasing use of monoclonal antibodies labeled with 89Zr, in clinical practice, it is urgent to study their pharmacokinetics with the determination, based on the data obtained, of absorbed doses in tumor foci, as well as intact organs and tissues, and effective doses of patients. To date, there are a limited number of studies that provide patient doses for diagnostic examinations using 89Zr-labeled monoclonal antibodies. In this regard, the purpose of this work was to assess the biodistribution of various monoclonal antibodies (ramucirumab, trastuzumab, atezolizumab) labeled with 89Zr, based on published data, with subsequent calculation of absorbed doses in radiosensitive organs and tissues and effective doses of patients. Based on the analysis of experimental data on the biodistribution of monoclonal antibodies labeled with 89Zr for the diagnosis of oncological diseases from the available literature sources and our own assessments, it has been concluded that the results of the determination of absorbed in organs and tissues and effective doses are inconsistent. The absorbed doses in organs, according to different literature sources, vary up to an order of magnitude within one organ and reach 440 mGy per examination, the effective dose varies from 3 to 112 mSv per examination. This may be due to differences in study design, radiometry and dose assessment methods. Comparison with doses obtained on the basis of a general model of biodistribution of monoclonal antibodies demonstrates the possibility of using this model for a rough estimate of internal doses of patients. However, for a more accurate assessment, it is necessary to standardize approaches to the determination of internal radiation doses using the most effective methodological solutions and software products.

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