Characteristics of solar radiation at Xiaotang, in the northern marginal zone of the Taklimakan Desert

The characteristics of solar radiation and the influence of sand and dust on solar radiation in the northern margin of Taklimakan Desert were analyzed using radiation observation data from 2018. The results showed that the annual total radiation, direct radiation, and scattered radiation at Xiaotang were 5,781.8, 2,337.9, and 3,323.8 MJ m−2, respectively. The maximum monthly total radiation, direct radiation, and scattered radiation were observed in July (679.8 MJ m−2), August (317.3 MJ m−2), and May (455.7 MJ m−2), respectively. The aerosol optical depth corresponded well with the scattered radiation, and the maximum value was in May. Further analysis showed a significant correlation between the total radiation and solar height angle under different weather conditions. Under the same solar height angle, total radiation was higher during clear days but lower on sandstorm days. Calculation of atmospheric transmittance showed that the average atmospheric transmittance on a clear day was 0.67; on sand-and-dust days, it was 0.46. When the atmospheric transmittance was 0.5, the increase in scattering radiation by aerosol in the air began to decrease. Probability analysis of radiation indicated the following probabilities of total radiation <500 W m−2 occurring on clear, floating-dust, blowing-sand, and sandstorm days: 67.1%, 76.3%, 76.1%, and 91.8%, respectively. Dust had the greatest influence on direct radiation; the probabilities of direct radiation <200 W m−2occurring on clear, floating-dust, blowing-sand, and sandstorm days were 44.5%, 93.5%, 91.3%, and 100%, respectively, whereas those of scattered radiation <600 W m−2were 100%, 99.1%, 98.1%, and 100%, respectively. Therefore, the presence of dust in the air will reduce scattered radiation.

Abstract 1122‐000162: Distal Radial Access Learning Curve Spanning Eighty Attempts: A Single‐Center, Single‐Operator Experience

Introduction : The transradial approach (TRA) has recently been adopted by neurointerventionalists and is now widely used. Among some of the benefits of TRA are reduced access site complications, increased patient comfort, earlier ambulation, and decreased time for postprocedural monitoring. The Distal transradial access method (dTRA) involves accessing the radial artery via the anatomic snuffbox and is practiced due to the belief that it may mitigate some of the complications seen with conventional TRA including but not limited to hand positioning, patient comfort (especially in those with shoulder injuries), and radial artery occlusion. Methods : A retrospective chart review was done of all patients on whom dTRA was performed between October 2018 until March 2020. Procedures were performed by 1 neuroendovascular fellow under the supervision of 2 neuroendovascular attendings. Although the number of cases was counted serially, cases were excluded from analysis if there was occlusion of the radial artery, aberrant origin of the subclavian artery was present, or if there was an intervention other than just diagnostic angiography (including but not limited to stenting, coiling, mechanical thrombectomy, intra‐arterial verapamil for cerebral vasospasm). Procedures were performed under local anesthetic and conscious sedation. Patient demographics, procedural complications, procedural time, total fluoroscopy time, and total radiation were collected. Results : Fifty‐seven cases were included in the analysis. The age of the patients ranged from 16 to 78. Thirty‐one cases out of the included cases were outpatient same‐day procedures. The total length of stay in these cases was a total of 444 minutes or 7.4 hours and they were discharged 213 minutes or 3.55 hours following the procedure on average. The highest rate of improvement in total fluoroscopy per vessel, total radiation per vessel, and case time per vessel occurs in the first 50 cases. When the 57 cases were broken down into 3 groups of 19and analyzed with ANOVA there was a significant difference between groups (Fluoro per Vessel p = 0.0003, Total radiation per vessel p = 0.0001, Duration of case per vessel p = 0.05). No major complications or significant bleeding were noted post‐procedurally. Vasospasm was the most common complication occurring in 5 and occurred within the first 25 cases. Conversion to conventional radial occurred in 4 of 57 cases. Two cases were converted due to vasospasm and 2 due to the inability to successfully puncture. Conclusions : Distal radial access in the anatomical snuffbox has been shown to have some benefits over conventional radial access. For those willing to adopt this practice, we have shown that a single operator can expect the greatest improvement within the first 50 cases.

Multivariate Analysis of Vehicular Emissions in Parts of Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

The focus of this study is to monitor the incidence of vehicular emissions in some parts of Benin City in addition to studying the spatial variation of the pollutant using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Seven (7) georeferenced sampling points were employed for data collection and gaseous pollutants such as; dinitrogen oxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) including the total radiation were monitored in the morning and evening for 35 days with the aid of portable toxic gas monitors and radiation alert meters. Also measured were maximum temperature and wind speed using infra-red thermometers and portable anemometer respectively. From the result, it was observed that for temperature, the mean ± standard deviation during morning session was 30.549 ± 1.3716 and during evening season it was 28.879 ± 1.1788. For NO2, the mean ± standard deviation during morning session was 0.0181 ± 0.01119 and during evening season it was 0.0230 ± 0.01282. For CO, the mean ± standard deviation during morning session was 0.5428 ± 0.36396 and during evening season it was 0.6169 ± 0.32395. For total radiation, the mean ± standard deviation during morning session was 0.247 ± 0.1285 and during evening season it was 0.281 ± 0.1298. On the significance difference of the overall results, it was revealed that the difference in concentration of vehicular emissions during the early hours of the morning and peak hours of evening is significant. With a calculated partial Eta squared based on Pillai’s trace of 0.325, it was concluded that; there exist about 32.50% variability among the dependent variables.

Database of hourly and daily sums of total radiation at Russian antarctic stations: analysis of changes in total radiation for the entire period of observations in Antarctica

Given the significant changes in the climate on the planet as a whole, databases and archives of data on the main climate-forming characteristics of the atmosphere, collected over long periods of time in various regions of the globe and, in particular, in the polar regions, acquire a special role. Total solar radiation is one of the most important parameters affecting the energy balance of the Earth-atmosphere system. We have created a database (DB) of hourly and daily sums of total radiation (Q) at the Russian Antarctic stations, designed to study the radiation regime of the Antarctic, from the beginning of actinometric observations to 2019. The information presented in the database was collected at five Antarctic stations — Bellingshausen, Vostok Mirny, Novolazarevskaya and Progress. The database has undergone a state registration procedure and is registered under No. 2020621401. The article gives a description of the structure of the DB and presents detailed information for each station. To provide an example of how database information can be used, characteristics of the total radiation in different parts of the Antarctic continent are obtained. Thus, it is found that the average monthly amounts of Q in the continental part of Antarctica on the high plateau (Vostok station) in conditions of minimal cloudiness and high transparency during the Antarctic summer are maximum and average 1240 MJ/m2. At the same time, at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula (Bellingshausen station) during the same period, the average monthly amounts of Q due to the almost constantly present cloud cover do not exceed 570 MJ/m2. In the coastal areas at the three remaining stations, the average monthly amounts of total radiation range from 908 MJ/m2 (Progress) to 950 MJ/m2 (Mirny). Estimates of variability characteristics of daily, monthly, and annual sums of total radiation at all the five stations for the entire observation period up to 2019 were also obtained. The absence of statistically significant long-term trends in the annual and monthly sums of total radiation at all the stations under consideration was noted. The results of their analysis indicate that there are no significant changes in the inflow of total solar radiation to the Antarctic surface over more than sixty years of actinometric observations.

Solar Energy Resources of Nakhchivan

The presented article examines the issues of energy security of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, which is an integral part of the Republic of Azerbaijan, and the use of renewable energy in its provision. For this purpose, the solar energy resources of the Autonomous Republic were studied. The study used theoretical, computational, observational and comparative analysis methods to estimate solar energy as a renewable energy resource. The main source for assessing the potential of solar energy of the Autonomous Republic — experimental and observation materials of the USSR Hydrometeorological Committee on the Republic of Azerbaijan and NAR for 1960–1980, the results of researches of the Institute of Geography of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences for 1936–1950, Nakhchivan AR experimental-observation materials of the Hydrometeorological Center for 1995–2015, static indicators of Nakhchivan Solar Power Plant for 2016–2017, as well as the results of theoretical and computational research were used. As a result of the study, it was determined that the annual value of total radiation (Q) in the horizontal area was 7541 and 6204 MC/m2, respectively, in the clear and medium cloudy sky. At the same time, the average annual transparency coefficient was 0.8229, 0.811 in winter and 0.897 in summer. The annual value of total radiation (Q) of the horizontal field in the territory of the NAR is higher than in other regions of the country, and the coefficient of transparency of the atmosphere is higher than in other regions, too. At the same time, the duration of solar radiation in the NAR is high and is 2792 hours. Formulas have been proposed to calculate the value of solar radiation falling on a horizontal surface on the basis of many years of experimental and observational materials. Using these calculation formulas, it is possible to calculate the total solar radiation on the horizontal surface for any area of the NAR.

AWARENESS OF RADIATION HAZARD IN ORTHOPAEDIC RESIDENTS SURGEON IN A CENTRAL INDIA

One of the effective techniques which has evolved in contemporary orthopaedic practice is C-arm fluoroscopy in intra-operative orthopaedic procedures. Such techniques improve the competence of the surgeon while reducing the jejuneness and duration of the patients stay at hospital. Although having awareness about reported benefits of the device, there is increasing worry over the surgical teams elevated radiation exposure. The current research was undertaken on orthopaedic surgeons working in the region of Central India to assess the amount of radiation exposure if they follow the normal precautionary steps as well as to raise awareness and encouraging them to use the image intensifier safety in daily practice. In addition, to raise concerns of radiation safety and the befitting use of radiation in the operating room.Materials and Method: This is an observational review of data gathered by residents performing common orthopedic surgical operations in emergency and routine OT during one-year residency at a medical college hospital. We calculated the mean radiation exposure on each resident (orthopedic resident postgraduate-3yr) with and without lead apron protection, and compared it with the ICRP limit for radiation to body per year between 1st January 2020 and 31st December 2021.Result: Total radiation levels accumulated by one resident without lead apron over 1 year was calculated (35.88 milliSv). which was greater to ICRP limit for radiation to body per year (20milliSv).Total radiation levels accumulated by one resident with lead apron over 1 year was calculated (2.04 mSv).which was less than ICRP limit for radiation to body per year (20mSv).Conclusion: Orthopedic resident surgeons are not listed as Radiation personnel. Radiation toxicity, in addition to the risks of other surgical industries, is therefore an additional occupational danger. As a result, orthopedic resident surgeons should be concerned. During surgeries, junior orthopaedic residents vastly underestimate their level of radiation. They should adhere to the guidelines outlined above. The conventional assertion that radiation exposures during c arm use are negligible and should be disregarded, as the long-term adverse biological effects of continuous low-dose radiation exposure are uncertain at this time. Theres a chance of cancer, as well as genetic variations and fertility complications.

Combination of High Dose Rate Radiations (10X FFF/2400 MU/min/10 MV X-rays) and Paclitaxel Selectively Eliminates Melanoma Cells

Purpose: Melanoma is one of the most aggressive cancer with 1.6% of total cancer deaths in United States. In recent years treatment options for metastatic melanoma have been improved by the FDA approval of new therapeutic agents. However, these inhibitors-based therapies are non-specific and have severe toxicities including hyperkeratosis, photosensitivity, hepatitis, arthralgia and fatigue. The aim of this study is to determine the synthetic lethal effect (paclitaxel and radiations) on melanoma cells and reduce the total radiation doses by increasing the dose rates up to 2400 MU/min. Methods: We previously reported a radiation treatment (10 MV x-rays, 10X-FFF, dose rate 2400MU/min, low total dose 0.5 Gy) that kills melanoma cells with 80% survival of normal HEM in vitro. In this study we extended the radiation cycle up to four and include paclitaxel treatment to study the synthetic lethal effect on melanoma and two additional normal primary cells, HDF and HEK. Cells were treated with paclitaxel prior to radiations of dose rate of 400 and 2400 MU/min with total radiation dose of only 0.5 Gy. To study induction of apoptosis and cell death, mitochondria respiration assay, DNA damage assay and colony formation assay were performed. Results: Four days of consequent radiation treatment with paclitaxel significantly reduces the survival of melanoma cells by inducing of apoptosis and mitochondrial damages. After treatment, excessive DNA damage in melanoma cells leads to increase in expression of pro-apoptotic genes (Casp3) and decrease in expression of DNA repair gene (PARP1) and anti-apoptotic gene (Bcl2) to activate apoptosis pathway. Combination of paclitaxel and radiations reduces the survival of melanoma cells colonies when compared to radiation alone. Conclusion: Our study indicates radiations with paclitaxel has potential synthetic lethal effect on melanoma cells and can be develop as therapy for melanoma without having toxicities or harmful effects to normal primary skin cells.

Long-term variations in solar radiation, diffuse radiation, and diffuse radiation fraction caused by aerosols in China during 1961–2016

The effects of atmospheric aerosols on the terrestrial climate system are more regional than those of greenhouse gases, which are more global. Thus, it is necessary to examine the typical regional effects of how aerosols affect solar radiation in order to develop a more comprehensive understanding. In this study, we used global AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) data and robust radiation observational evidence to investigate the impact of aerosols on total radiation, diffuse radiation, and the diffuse radiation fraction in China from 1961 to 2016. Our results showed that there were different temporal changes in the aerosol optical depth (AOD), total solar radiation, diffuse radiation and diffuse radiation fraction over the past 56 years. Specifically, the 550 nm AOD from 2005 to 2016 decreased significantly, with annual average AOD of 0.51. Meanwhile, the average total solar radiation reduced by 2.48%, while there was a slight increase in average diffuse radiation at a rate of 3.10 MJ·m-2·yr-1. Moreover, the spatial heterogeneities of AOD, total radiation, diffuse radiation, and the diffuse radiation fraction in China were significant. Aerosol particle emissions in the developed eastern and southern regions of China were more severe than those in the western regions, resulting in higher total radiation and diffuse radiation in the western plateau than in the eastern plain. In addition, aerosols were found to have negative effects on total radiation and sunshine hours, and positive effects on diffuse radiation and diffuse radiation fraction. Further, the diffuse radiation fraction was negatively correlated with sunshine hours. However, there was a positive correlation between AOD and sunshine hours. These results could be used to assess the impacts of climate change on terrestrial ecosystem productivity and carbon budgets.

Circle Microstrip Antenna Simulation for Frequency 3.5 GHz

This research proposed microstrip circular patch antenna simulation at a working frequency 3500 MHz. The antenna has been designed using a Duroid RT5880 substrate with dielectric constant (εr) = 2.2, substrate thickness (h) = 1.575 mm, and tangent loss = 0.0009 with microstrip line feeding. The simulation result, return loss value obtained -26.385, VSWR value 1.09, gain value 7.64 dBi, total radiation efficiency value -0.6489 dB, and bandwidth value 72 MHz (3468.8 MHz – 3541.9 MHz).

Estimation of Methods of Calculation of Values of Total Solar Radiation for Different Time Intervals

The article presents the results of evaluation of a number of methods for calculating total, scattered and direct radiation. The methods were tested on actinometric data of eight stations of the former USSR, located in different climatic and latitudinal zones, in order to clarify the spatial boundaries of their application and the time interval for which it is possible to carry out calculations with an error of not more than 10 %. It is established that the accuracy of calculations is influenced by the location of the station in relation to the seas and lakes. In addition, a number of methods do not take into account the tier and shape of the cloud, so at the same amount of cloud observed different amounts of total radiation, which in turn leads to errors in the calculation of the amounts of radiation. For stations with high atmospheric transparency and low air humidity, the calculation methods provide understated data compared to full-scale ones. For stations with high dust content of the surface layer of the atmosphere, the calculated data are overstated. For marine and lake stations, overestimation of the calculated data is caused by increased humidity throughout the year and as a result, even with a small cloud cover, incoming solar radiation is significantly weakened by water vapor. The considered calculation methods can be used to calculate monthly amounts of total radiation with an accuracy of 10-12 %. Calculation for shorter time intervals leads to an increase in calculation errors. Using the method of calculating the total radiation components gives an error in the calculation of monthly amounts from 10 to 30 %, depending on the latitude. Performing calculations using this method for time intervals less than a month leads to a sharp increase in the size of errors.