Thermo-Economics Diagnosis for Large Steam Turbine Sections in Power Plants

2013 ◽  
Vol 805-806 ◽  
pp. 496-503
Author(s):  
Yong Feng Shi ◽  
Hao Chang ◽  
Bao Yu Wang ◽  
Jian Qun Xu ◽  
Ke Yi Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Thermodynamic Simulation ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Structure Theory ◽  
Product Concept ◽  
Operation Analysis ◽  
The Cost

In this paper, a method based on the thermo-economics structure theories and the prospect diagnosis will apply in the 630MW power plants. To make use of thermodynamic simulation establish system of the thermo-economics produce model. The thermo-economic model and the exergy cost model for the plant based on the Fuel-Product concept have been defined to quantify the productive interaction between different devices. The paper analyses the 3VWO and 4VWO conditions and the effects of the operating parameters on the exergy cost of each component have been studied. The results showed that the Structure Theory is a powerful and effective tool, which can make up the insufficiencies of the conventional thermodynamic methods and can be used for the cost-effective operation analysis and optimization in thermal power plants and other complex energy system.

Comparative Economic Analysis of Concentrating Solar Technologies

2012 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon Duquette ◽  
Todd Otanicar
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid System ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Solar Power ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Solar Thermal Power ◽  
The Cost

One of the noted benefits of concentrating photovoltaics (PV) is the reduced cell area which results in reduction of the overall system cost. A variety of studies have looked at the cost for concentrating PV systems and made comparisons to concentrating solar thermal power plants, typically resulting in concentrating solar thermal power having lower system costs. Recently, a widespread design space was assessed for the potential efficiency improvements possible with a coupled hybrid PV/thermal solar energy system for electricity generation. The analysis showed that modest efficiency improvements could be made but no assessment of the economic impact was made. Although modest efficiency gains can be made, such a hybrid system requires more components than one of the conventional stand alone concentrating solar power plant on its own resulting in significantly different system costs. As a result, we look to compare the overall system costs of three different solar power technologies: concentrating PV, concentrating solar thermal, and the concentrating hybrid approach. Additionally, we will focus on documenting the necessary hybrid efficiencies to make a hybrid system competitive as well as the feasibility and means for achieving these efficiencies.

Comparative Economic Analysis of Concentrating Solar Technologies

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon Duquette ◽  
Todd Otanicar
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid System ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Solar Power ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Solar Thermal Power ◽  
The Cost

One of the noted benefits of concentrating photovoltaics (PV) is the reduced cell area which results in reduction of the overall system cost. A variety of studies have looked at the cost for concentrating PV systems and made comparisons to concentrating solar thermal power plants, typically resulting in concentrating solar thermal power having lower system costs. Recently a widespread design space was assessed for the potential efficiency improvements possible with a coupled hybrid PV/thermal solar energy system for electricity generation. The analysis showed that modest efficiency improvements could be made but no assessment of the economic impact was made. Although modest efficiency gains can be made such a hybrid system requires more components than one of the conventional stand alone concentrating solar power plant on its own resulting in significantly different system costs. As a result we look to compare the overall system costs of three different solar power technologies: concentrating PV, concentrating solar thermal, and the concentrating hybrid approach. Additionally we will focus on documenting the necessary hybrid efficiencies to make a hybrid system competitive as well as the feasibility and means for achieving these efficiencies.

Solar Concentrating Systems Using Small Mirror Arrays

2009 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Göttsche ◽  
Bernhard Hoffschmidt ◽  
Stefan Schmitz ◽  
Markus Sauerborn ◽  
Reiner Buck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Steel Structure ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Wind Loads ◽  
Drive Systems ◽  
Mirror Area ◽  
The Cost

The cost of solar tower power plants is dominated by the heliostat field making up roughly 50% of investment costs. Classical heliostat design is dominated by mirrors brought into position by steel structures and drives that guarantee high accuracies under wind loads and thermal stress situations. A large fraction of costs is caused by the stiffness requirements of the steel structure, typically resulting in ∼20 kg/m2 steel per mirror area. The typical cost figure of heliostats (figure mentioned by Solucar at Solar Paces Conference, Seville, 2006) is currently in the area of 150 €/m2 caused by the increasing price of the necessary raw materials. An interesting option to reduce costs lies in a heliostat design where all moving parts are protected from wind loads. In this way, drives and mechanical layout may be kept less robust, thereby reducing material input and costs. In order to keep the heliostat at an appropriate size, small mirrors (around 10×10 cm2) have to be used, which are placed in a box with a transparent cover. Innovative drive systems are developed in order to obtain a cost-effective design. A 0.5×0.5 m2 demonstration unit will be constructed. Tests of the unit are carried out with a high-precision artificial sun unit that imitates the sun’s path with an accuracy of less than 0.5 mrad and creates a beam of parallel light with a divergence of less than 4 mrad.

scholarly journals The cost of immunising at the general practice level

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikki Turner ◽  
Paul Rouse ◽  
Stacey Airey ◽  
Helen Petousis-Harris
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
Cost Allocation ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Fee For Service ◽  
Activity Based Costing ◽  
Childhood Immunisation ◽  
Practice Nurses ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost

INTRODUCTION: Childhood immunisation is one of the most cost-effective activities in health care. However, New Zealand (NZ) has failed to achieve national coverage targets. NZ general practice is the primary site of service delivery and is funded on a fee-for-service basis for delivery of immunisation events. AIM: To determine the average cost to a general practice of delivering childhood immunisation events and to develop a cost model for the typical practice. METHODS: A purposeful selection of 24 diverse practices provided data via questionnaires and a daily log over a week. Costs were modelled using activity-based costing. RESULTS: The mean time spent on an immunisation activity was 23.8 minutes, with 90.7% of all staff time provided by practice nurses. Only 2% of the total time recorded was spent on childhood immunisation opportunistic activities. Practice nurses spent 15% of their total work time on immunisation activity. The mean estimated cost per vaccination event was $25.90; however, there was considerable variability across practices. A ‘typical practice’ model was developed to better understand costs at different levels of activity. CONCLUSIONS: The current level of immunisation benefit subsidy is considerably lower than the cost of a standard vaccination event, although there is wide variability across practices. The costs of delivery exceeding the subsidy may be one reason why there is an apparently small amount of time spent on extra opportunistic activities and a barrier to increasing efforts to raise immunisation rates. KEYWORDS: Immunisation; vaccination; patient care management; cost analysis; cost allocation

Cost Comparison of Fan-Out WLP vs. Embedded Die

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 001003-001018
Author(s):  
Alan Palesko ◽  
Jan Vardaman
Keyword(s):  
Cost Model ◽  
Form Factors ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Comparison ◽  
Package Design ◽  
Supply Chain Logistics ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
Large Production ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Differences

Fabricating the package after the die is placed can result in smaller form factors, increased performance, and improved supply chain logistics for OEMs. There are many different approaches for this packaging technique, but two of the most prominent are Fan-Out WLP and Embedded Die. Fan-Out WLP leverages existing semiconductor technology for a cost effective approach to achieve relatively tight package design rules. The Embedded Die strategy leverages existing PCB lamination technology for cost-reduction through scale: fabricating many small packages on large production panels. We will examine the cost differences and similarities between Fan-Out WLP and Embedded Die strategies by developing a comprehensive cost model for each technology. We will then analyze the manufacturing costs (labor, material, depreciation, yield loss, and tooling) and yield impacts across a variety of designs to demonstrate the cost differences and similarities in each packaging technology.

Incorporating Uncertainty into Probabilistic Performance Models of Concentrating Solar Power Plants

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford K. Ho ◽  
Gregory J. Kolb
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Probabilistic Models ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Probabilistic Method ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Performance Model ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
Representative Sampling

A method for applying probabilistic models to concentrating solar-thermal power plants is described in this paper. The benefits of using probabilistic models include quantification of uncertainties inherent in the system and characterization of their impact on system performance and economics. Sensitivity studies using stepwise regression analysis can identify and rank the most important parameters and processes as a means to prioritize future research and activities. The probabilistic method begins with the identification of uncertain variables and the assignment of appropriate distributions for those variables. Those parameters are then sampled using a stratified method (Latin hypercube sampling) to ensure complete and representative sampling from each distribution. Models of performance, reliability, and cost are then simulated multiple times using the sampled set of parameters. The results yield a cumulative distribution function that can be used to quantify the probability of exceeding (or being less than) a particular value. Two examples, a simple cost model and a more detailed performance model of a hypothetical 100-MWe power tower, are provided to illustrate the methods.

scholarly journals Prospects for the Development of Renewable Energy in the Crimean Peninsula

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 109-115
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav Valerievich Guryev ◽  
Vladimir Vyacheslavovich Kuvshinov ◽  
Boris Anatolevich Yakimovich
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power System ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Electric Power Industry ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
The Crimean Peninsula

The Crimean Peninsula is the flagship of the development of renewable energy, as it is not only an actively developing region, but also a resort center. The energy complex of the Crimean Peninsula in recent years has increased due to the construction of new power plants (Balaklava TPP and Tavricheskaya TPP) with a total capacity of 940 MW, as well as the construction of new 220 and 330 kV transmission lines, which ensured that the peninsula’s power supply deficit was covered. A review of the regional development and use of renewable energy sources is carried out. Based on the data obtained, an analysis is made of the problems and prospects for the development of renewable energy in the region. The development of renewable energy for the Crimean Peninsula plays an important role in order to achieve environmental safety and develop the economic potential of the region. The paper substantiates the priority use of renewable energy in the region, as well as the solution of emerging problems with an increase in the share of renewable energy in the total generation. The appearance of excess electricity in the power system and the possibility of balancing the generated power of renewable energy and thermal power plants, while reducing the cost of electricity. Investment attractiveness and active population growth in the region leads to an increase in generating capacity and an increase in the maneuverability of the energy system with a significant impact of RES. The efficiency of renewable energy in the energy system, the world experience in managing renewable energy generation, the actual impact of renewable energy on the energy system in conditions of electricity shortage, and forecast work schedules of the SES wind farm provided by the electric power industry entities in the assigned way are taken into account when forming the dispatch schedule and are accepted at the request of the subject. The available experience of existing SES in the power system of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol requires additional research, including through field testing of generating equipment. Further full-scale tests should be carried out under the conditions of a real electric power mode of the power system, which requires the introduction of modern information technologies that ensure the exchange of technological information and the implementation of appropriate control actions. The work is underway to create a regulatory framework for the control of renewable energy source operation.

scholarly journals A Probabilistic and Value-Based Planning Approach to Assess the Competitiveness between Gas-Fired and Renewables in Hydro-Dominated Systems: A Brazilian Case Study

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 7281
Author(s):  
Felipe Nazaré ◽  
Luiz Barroso ◽  
Bernardo Bezerra
Keyword(s):  
Power System ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Optimal Decision ◽  
Associated Gas ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Flexible Resources

The main challenge with the penetration of variable renewable energy (VRE) in thermal-dominated systems has been the increase in the need for operating reserves, relying on dispatchable and flexible resources. In the case of hydro-dominated systems, the cost-effective flexibility provided by hydro-plants facilitates the penetration of VRE, but the compounded production variability of these resources challenges the integration of baseload gas-fired plants. The Brazilian power system illustrates this situation, in which the development of large associated gas fields economically depends on the operation of gas-fired plants. Given the current competitiveness of VRE, a natural question is the economic value and tradeoffs for expanding the system opting between baseload gas-fired generation and VRE in an already flexible hydropower system. This paper presents a methodology based on a multi-stage and stochastic capacity expansion model to estimate the optimal mix of baseload thermal power plants and VRE additions considering their contributions for security of supply, which includes peak, energy, and operating reserves, which are endogenously defined in a time-varying and sized in a dynamic way as well as adequacy constraints. The presented model calculates the optimal decision plan, allowing for the estimation of the economical tradeoffs between baseload gas and VRE supply considering their value for the required services to the system. This allows for a comparison between the integration costs of these technologies on the same basis, thus helping policymakers and system planners to better decide on the best way to integrate the gas resources in an electricity industry increasingly renewable. A case study based on a real industrial application is presented for the Brazilian power system.

scholarly journals A Cost Model for PV Based Renewable Energy Projects

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-23
Author(s):  
M. A. El-Bayoumi ◽  
Marwa M. Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Grid Systems ◽  
Renewable Energy System ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Photo Voltaic ◽  
Risk Cost ◽  
The Cost

The energy from renewable sources had always been perceived as free or at least lower-cost energy, with its sourcing from natural sources such as solar radiation and wind energy. In actual the cost breakdown of renewable energy would exceed that of traditional energy sources in almost all cases. This study attempts to produce a cost model for renewable energy systems. The model takes into account different requirements and site variations into account. In this paper, elements of the cost model Renewable Energy System (RES) especially, photo-voltaic solar systems, have been investigated. Cost items are presented alongside a to-do checklist for the new Photo-Voltaic (PV) solar energy system. The goal of this study is to construct a model that would cover the cost sources as well as bring to attention the unexpected sources of cost variations that include all possible cost items of a new solar renewable energy system. The feasibility of the new system is expressed in terms of Total Cost (T.C) and Cost of Energy (COE). The model can evaluate the feasibility of off-grid as well as on-grid systems. The model investigated properly as well as an empirical analysis and verified through results comparison with reviewed case studies. The results revealed that the cost of off-grid systems is higher than the cost of on-grid systems due to the cost of batteries as well as the cost of standby generators. So, it would be more feasible to use an off-grid system only in remote or isolated areas. Risk Cost lists, ranking and success factors of new renewable projects are exhibited.

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