A New Approach for the Diffusion Coefficient Evaluation of Sulfur in CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 Slag

2011 ◽  
Vol 312-315 ◽  
pp. 626-634
Author(s):  
Luckman Muhmood ◽  
Nurini N. Viswanathan ◽  
Seshadri Seetharaman
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Sulfide Capacity ◽  
Chemical Diffusion ◽  
Partition Ratio ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Matlab Program ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Concentration Changes ◽  
Silver Metal

The Diffusion coefficient of sulfur in a ternary slag with composition of 51.5% CaO- 9.6% SiO2- 38.9% Al2O3 was measured at 1723 K by chemical diffusion from the variation of concentration of sulfur in silver metal. A MATLAB program was developed to find the concentration variation of sulfur in silver metal using various critical parameters like the diffusion coefficient of sulfur in slag available in literature, sulfur partition ratio, sulfide capacity of the slag and the its density. The PS2 and PO2 pressures were calculated from the Gibbs energy of the equilibrium reaction between CaO in the slag and solid CaS and confirming the same by using ThermoCalc. The density of the slag at 1723 K was obtained from earlier experiments. Initially the order of magnitude for the diffusion coefficient was taken from the works of Saito and Kawai but later was modified so that the concentration changes of Sulfur obtained from the program agreed with the experimental results. The diffusion coefficient of sulfur in 51.5% CaO- 9.6% SiO2- 38.9% Al2O3 slag at 1723 K was estimated as 4.14x10-6 cm2/sec.

scholarly journals Biophysical basis for convergent evolution of two veil-forming microbes

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 150437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander P. Petroff ◽  
Alexis L. Pasulka ◽  
Nadine Soplop ◽  
Xiao-Lun Wu ◽  
Albert Libchaber
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Chemical Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Limitation ◽  
Stagnant Water ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Physical Limitations ◽  
Sulfur Oxidizing ◽  
Diffusion Coefficient Of Oxygen

Microbes living in stagnant water typically rely on chemical diffusion to draw nutrients from their environment. The sulfur-oxidizing bacterium Thiovulum majus and the ciliate Uronemella have independently evolved the ability to form a ‘veil’, a centimetre-scale mucous sheet on which cells organize to produce a macroscopic flow. This flow pulls nutrients through the community an order of magnitude faster than diffusion. To understand how natural selection led these microbes to evolve this collective behaviour, we connect the physical limitations acting on individual cells to the cell traits. We show how diffusion limitation and viscous dissipation have led individual T. majus and Uronemella cells to display two similar characteristics. Both of these cells exert a force of approximately 40 pN on the water and attach to boundaries by means of a mucous stalk. We show how the diffusion coefficient of oxygen in water and the viscosity of water define the force the cells must exert. We then show how the hydrodynamics of filter-feeding orient a microbe normal to the surface to which it attaches. Finally, we combine these results with new observations of veil formation and a review of veil dynamics to compare the collective dynamics of these microbes. We conclude that this convergent evolution is a reflection of similar physical limitations imposed by diffusion and viscosity acting on individual cells.

scholarly journals Mass Loss and Lithium Abundances in Popii Stars: A New Approach of The Primordial Value

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 463-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvie Vauclair ◽  
Corinne Charbonnel
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Turbulent Diffusion ◽  
Nuclear Reactions ◽  
Lithium Abundance ◽  
Turbulent Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Halo Stars ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

The observations by Spite & Spite (1982), that the upper values of the lithium abundance in halo stars are one order of magnitude smaller than the ones observed in galactic stars, lead to a large debate about the primordial lithium abundance. The whole problem can be summarized by the following question: has lithium been depleted in the outer layers of halo stars, or has the original lithium been preserved at their surfaces since the beginning?It seems difficult to maintain the original lithium abundance in halo stars during all their lifetime. Either lithium is depleted due to element separation, or it is destroyed by nuclear reactions. Computations by Proffitt & Michaud (1989) showed that nowhere inside halo stars the lithium abundance could have remained at its original value.It was suggested by Vauclair (1988) that rotation-induced turbulence could lead to a nuclear destruction of lithium in halo stars large enough to explain their present abundances, with an original abundance equal to the present galactic one. It seemed possible that the “plateau shape” of the abundances be preserved if the turbulent diffusion coefficient decreased rapidly with radius, as in Zahn (1987) (see also Pinsonneault et al. 1992).

scholarly journals Boundary layer analysis for a 2-D Keller-Segel model

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1895-1914
Author(s):  
Linlin Meng ◽  
Wen-Qing Xu ◽  
Shu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Approximate Solution ◽  
Chemical Diffusion ◽  
Singular Perturbation Theory ◽  
Energy Estimates ◽  
Chemical Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Boundary Layer Problem ◽  
Classical Energy ◽  
Layer Analysis

Abstract We study the boundary layer problem of a Keller-Segel model in a domain of two space dimensions with vanishing chemical diffusion coefficient. By using the method of matched asymptotic expansions of singular perturbation theory, we construct an accurate approximate solution which incorporates the effects of boundary layers and then use the classical energy estimates to prove the structural stability of the approximate solution as the chemical diffusion coefficient tends to zero.

Half division two-dimensional method for simple sinusoidal quantities parameters accurate measurement

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
Kirill Yu. Solomentsev ◽  
Vyacheslav I. Lachin ◽  
Aleksandr E. Pasenchuk
Keyword(s):  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Measured Signal ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Precision Measuring ◽  
Useful Signal ◽  
Midpoint Method ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Current Measuring

Several variants of half division two-dimensional method are proposed, which is the basis of a fundamentally new approach for constructing measuring instruments for sinusoidal or periodic electrical quantities. These measuring instruments are used in the diagnosis of electric power facilities. The most general variant, called midpoint method, is considered. The proposed midpoint method allows you to measure much smaller than using widespread methods, alternating currents or voltages, especially when changing the amplitude of the measured signal in very wide ranges, by 1–2 orders of magnitude. It is shown that using the midpoint method it is possible to suppress sinusoidal or periodic interference in the measuring path, in particular, to measure small alternating current when sinusoidal or periodic interference is 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than the useful signal. Based on the results of comparative tests, it was found that the current measuring device implementing the midpoint method is an order of magnitude more sensitive than the currently used high-precision measuring instruments.

Ti diffusion in feldspar

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (7) ◽  
pp. 1040-1051
Author(s):  
D. J. Cherniak ◽  
E. B. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Silica Glass ◽  
Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry ◽  
Chemical Diffusion ◽  
Calcic Plagioclase ◽  
Crustal Rocks ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Chemical Signatures ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Diffusion Profiles

Abstract Chemical diffusion of Ti has been measured in natural K-feldspar and plagioclase. The sources of diffusant used were TiO2 powders or pre-annealed mixtures of TiO2 and Al2O3. Experiments were run in crimped Pt capsules in air or in sealed silica glass capsules with solid buffers (to buffer at NNO). Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) was used to measure Ti diffusion profiles. From these measurements, the following Arrhenius relations are obtained for diffusion normal to (001):For oligoclase, over the temperature range 750–1050 °C:DOlig=6.67×10-12exp(-207±31kJ/mol/RT)m2s-1For labradorite, over the temperature range 900–1150 °C:DLab=of4.37×10-14exp(-181±57kJ/mol/RT)m2s-1For K-feldspar, over the temperature range 800–1000 °C:DKsp=3.01×10-6exp(-342±47kJ/mol/RT)m2s-1. Diffusivities for experiments buffered at NNO are similar to those run in air, and the presence of hydrous species appears to have little effect on Ti diffusion. Ti diffusion also shows little evidence of anisotropy. In plagioclase, there appears to be a dependence of Ti diffusion on An content of the feldspar, with Ti diffusing more slowly in more calcic plagioclase. This trend is similar to that observed for other cations in plagioclase, including Sr, Pb, Ba, REE, Si, and Mg. In the case of Ti, an increase of 30% in An content would result in an approximate decrease in diffusivity of an order of magnitude. These data indicate that feldspar should be moderately retentive of Ti chemical signatures, depending on feldspar composition. Ti will be more resistant to diffusional alteration than Sr. For example, Ti zoning on a 50 μm scale in oligoclase would be preserved at 600 °C for durations of ~1 million years, with Sr zoning preserved only for ~70 000 yr at this temperature. These new data for a trace impurity that is relatively slow-diffusing and ubiquitous in feldspars (Hoff and Watson 2018) have the potential to extend the scope and applicability of t-T models for crustal rocks based on measurements of trace elements in feldspars.

Temperature dependence of oxygen diffusion and consumption in mammalian striated muscle

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (6) ◽  
pp. H1825-H1830 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. B. Bentley ◽  
H. Meng ◽  
R. N. Pittman
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Oxygen Diffusion ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Retractor Muscle ◽  
Oxygen Solubility ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

This study investigated the effect of temperature on the oxygen diffusion coefficient (DO2) of hamster retractor muscle from 11 to 37 degrees C. DO2 was measured using a non-steady-state technique, whereas muscle O2 consumption (VO2) was estimated after steady state was reached. DO2 was 0.84 +/- 0.04 x 10(-5) cm2/s at 11 degrees C and rose exponentially to 2.41 +/- 0.19 x 10(-5) cm2/s at 37 degrees C, producing a temperature coefficient for DO2 of 4.60%/degrees C for this temperature range. To measure DO2 directly at 37 degrees C, it was necessary to inhibit tissue VO2 with Amytal. The DO2 measurements made at 37 degrees C were significantly higher than previously reported values, which had been based on extrapolations from lower temperatures (6). Further analysis suggests a possible transition in the diffusion pathway between 23 and 30 degrees C, resulting in a DO2 higher than that previously expected. This larger DO2, together with a recently published value of oxygen solubility (alpha) (21), results in an in vitro Krogh's diffusion coefficient (KO2) that is 2.4 times larger than that previously reported (24) and therefore significantly reduces an order of magnitude discrepancy between in vitro and estimated in vivo KO2 values (24). Muscle VO2 was 0.35 ml O2.min-1.100 g-1 at 11 degrees C and increased with temperature, resulting in an activation energy of the rate-limiting reaction from the Arrhenius equation of -10.5 kcal/mol between 11 and 30 degrees C.

Diffusion und Korrelation in goldreichen Gold—Zinn-Mischkristallen / Diffusion and Correlation in Gold-Rich Gold—Tin Solid Solutions

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 1109-1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chr. Herzig ◽  
Th. Heumann
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Impurity Content ◽  
Chemical Diffusion ◽  
Correlation Factor ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Pure Gold ◽  
Large Temperature ◽  
Chemical Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Self Diffusion ◽  
Different Temperatures

Abstract The diffusion of Sn-113 and Au-195 in pure gold and dilute tin -gold alloys has been measured at different temperatures and tin concentrations in coarse-grained specimens. In addition the dependence on concentration of the chemical diffusion coefficient and the diffusion of tin in gold at very low impurity concentrations has been determined using the electron microprobe. It was found, that the self-diffusion coefficient of tin as well as that of gold increased strongly with in-creasing impurity content. The thermodynamic factor is equal to one up to ca. 0.5 at.-% tin. For the correlation factor of the diffusion of tin in gold, calculated by the relation of Lidiard, an essentially temperature independent value is obtained. A comparison of the experimental results with the model of Le Claire concerning the impurity diffusion in metals shows, that this model seems to require a too-large temperature dependence of the correlation factor

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