MATING DISRUPTION WITH SYNTHETIC SEX ATTRACTANTS CONTROLS DAMAGE BY EUCOSMA SONOMANA (LEPIDOPTERA; TORTRICIDAE, OLETHREUTINAE) IN PINUS PONDEROSA PLANTATIONS: I. MANUALLY APPLIED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE FORMULATION

1980 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Sartwell ◽  
G. E. Daterman ◽  
L. L. Sower ◽  
D. L. Overhulser ◽  
T. W. Koerber
Keyword(s):  
Polyvinyl Chloride ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Sex Attractants ◽  
Shoot Borer ◽  
Chemical Mixture ◽  
Low Dosage

AbstractA chemical mixture highly attractive to males of western pine shoot borer, Eucosma sonomana Kearfott, were dispensed from manually applied polyvinyl chloride releasers on 15 ha of ponderosa pine plantations during spring 1978 near Bly, Oregon. Mating disruption treatments, replicated 4 times, were 3.5 g/ha from 100 releasers/ha spaced at 10 m, and 14 g/ha from 400 releasers/ha spaced at 5 m. Both were equally effective; the number of damaged terminal shoots was reduced 83.0% with the low dosage and 84.2% with the high dosage.

MATING DISRUPTION WITH SYNTHETIC SEX ATTRACTANTS CONTROLS DAMAGE BY EUCOSMA SONOMANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE, OLETHREUTINAE) IN PINUS PONDEROSA PLANTATIONS: II. AERIALLY APPLIED HOLLOW FIBER FORMULATION

1980 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Overhulser ◽  
G. E. Daterman ◽  
L. L. Sower ◽  
C. Sartwell ◽  
T. W. Koerber
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Hollow Fibers ◽  
Pheromone Communication ◽  
Sex Attractants ◽  
Male Sex Pheromone ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Male Sex

AbstractHollow fibers containing a mixture of synthetic sex attractants of western pine shoot borer, Eucosma sonomana Kearfott, were applied by an airplane to 19 ha of ponderosa pine plantations in southern Oregon. Nominal dosage was 15 g active ingredient per hectare. A behavioral evaluation of treatment effects, based on moth responses to pheromone-baited traps, showed nearly 100% disruption of female to male sex pheromone communication. Tree damage in treated areas was reduced by an average of 67% for terminal shoots and by 79% for terminal and lateral shoots combined.

Spacing and Shrub Competition Influence 20-Year Development of Planted Ponderosa Pine

1990 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 79-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Stand Development

Abstract Growth and stand development of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) were monitored for 20 years after planting at five different square spacings (6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 ft) in the presence or absence of competing shrubs on the westside Sierra Nevada. Mean tree size was positively correlated and stand values negatively correlated with spacing in the absence of competing shrubs. Trees growing with competing shrubs attained 76% of the diameter, 80% of the height, and 58% of the cubic volume of trees free of shrub competition when all spacings were combined. This study suggests that the major effect of shrub competition in ponderosa pine plantations on good sites is to lengthen the rotation. West. J. Appl. For. 5(3):79-82, July 1990.

Pheromone-based disruption of Eucosma sonomana and Rhyacionia zozana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) using aerially applied microencapsulated pheromone

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy E Gillette ◽  
John D Stein ◽  
Donald R Owen ◽  
Jeffrey N Webster ◽  
Sylvia R Mori
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Shoot Borer ◽  
Tree Protection ◽  
Absolute Reduction ◽  
Operational Testing ◽  
Complete Disruption ◽  
Moth Species

Two aerial applications of microencapsulated pheromone were conducted on five 20.2 ha plots to disrupt western pine shoot borer (Eucosma sonomana Kearfott) and ponderosa pine tip moth (Rhyacionia zozana (Kearfott); Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) orientation to pheromones and oviposition in ponderosa pine plantations in 2002 and 2004. The first application was made at 29.6 g active ingredient (AI)/ha, and the second at 59.3 g AI/ha. Baited sentinel traps were used to assess disruption of orientation by both moth species toward pheromones, and E. sonomana infestation levels were tallied from 2001 to 2004. Treatments disrupted orientation by both species for several weeks, with the first lasting 35 days and the second for 75 days. Both applications reduced infestation by E. sonomana, but the lower application rate provided greater absolute reduction, perhaps because prior infestation levels were higher in 2002 than in 2004. Infestations in treated plots were reduced by two-thirds in both years, suggesting that while increasing the application rate may prolong disruption, it may not provide greater proportional efficacy in terms of tree protection. The incidence of infestations even in plots with complete disruption suggests that treatments missed some early emerging females or that mated females immigrated into treated plots; thus operational testing should be timed earlier in the season and should comprise much larger plots. In both years, moths emerged earlier than reported previously, indicating that disruption programs should account for warmer climates in timing of applications. The AIs we tested are behaviorally active for 13 other species of Rhyacionia and six other species of Eucosma, so the approach may have wide application.

VERTICAL GROWTH RESPONSE OF PONDEROSA PINE INFESTED BY WESTERN PINE SHOOT BORER, EUCOSMA SONOMANA KEARFOTT (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.W. Thier ◽  
M.A. Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Needle Length ◽  
Shoot Borer ◽  
Reduced Height

AbstractIncidence of the western pine shoot borer, Eucosma sonomana Kearfott, and tree growth measurements from 5687 ponderosa pines, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws., were recorded in the Calf Pen plantation Payette National Forest, ID. The percentage of trees infested by shoot borer generally increased as tree height increased.Infestation of the tree’s leader usually resulted in reduced height growth especially where needle length was shortened in the leader. Height growth of infested leaders was less than uninfested leaders. This difference in height growth increased with the total height of the tree as measured in the previous year.

scholarly journals Prediction of Pruning Wound Occlusion and Defect Core Size in Ponderosa Pine

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin L. O'Hara ◽  
Paul A. Buckland
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Core Size ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Pruning Wound ◽  
Defect Core ◽  
Large Branch

Abstract Occlusion following pruning is an important determinant of the size of the inner defect core of a pruned log. A total of 117 branch stubs from 5 ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) logs pruned 32 yr previously were destructively sampled to evaluate occlusion in relation to growth and wound characteristics. Models were developed to predict the size of the occlusion zone and the years to occlusion. The models indicate the size of the occlusion zone is more sensitive to length of the branch stub than stub diameter. Increasing the length of the pruning stub from 1.5 to 3.0 in. increases the predicted size of the occlusion zone from 112-132% depending on stub diameter. Doubling the stub diameter an equal amount increases the size of the occlusion zone by only 3-14%. Minimization of the size of defect core is best achieved by reducing the length of the pruning stub through cutting flush with the bark. These results suggest land managers should not hesitate to prune fast growing ponderosa pine plantations with large branch diameters. West. J. Appl. For. 11(2):40-43.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Physical Barriers to Protect Ponderosa Pine Seedlings from Pocket Gophers

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 164-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Pipas ◽  
Gary W. Witmer
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Pocket Gophers ◽  
Thomomys Talpoides ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Physical Barriers ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings ◽  
Medium Weight ◽  
Better Than

Abstract A 2 yr study on the Rogue River and Mt. Hood National Forests in Oregon evaluated physical barriers for protection of Pinus ponderosa seedlings against damage by Thomomys talpoides. Seedlings protected with one of three weights of: (1) plastic mesh tubing (Vexar®) or (2) sandpapertubing (Durite®) were evaluated against control seedlings. On the Rogue River sites, Vexar® seedlings had the highest survival (62.6%), followed by the controls (59.1%), then Durite® seedlings (17.9%). Gophers were the primary cause of death for the Vexar® seedlings, versus desiccation for the Durite® seedlings. On the Mt. Hood sites, heavyweight Vexar® seedlings had the highest survival (35.4%), medium-weight Durite® seedlings the lowest (2.7%). Seedling mortality caused by gophers was highest for controls (70.2%), followed by light-weight (62.2%) and heavy-weight (53.9%) Vexar® treatments. Overall survival was low (Rogue River = 42%, Mt. Hood = 19.8%). Growth was greatest for the control seedlings but only significantly greater than growth of Durite® seedlings on the Rogue River sites. Growth of seedlings was not compromised by the Vexar® tubing. Although neither type of tubing was highly protective, Vexar® tubes performed better than Durite® tubes. West. J. Appl. For. 14(3):164-168.

scholarly journals Germination, Establishment, and Mortality of Naturally Seeded Southwestern Ponderosa Pine

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Stein ◽  
Diana N. Kimberling
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Mortality Factors ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Prescribed Burns ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Northern Arizona ◽  
Lepidopteran Larvae

Abstract Information on the mortality factors affecting naturally seeded conifer seedlings is becoming increasingly important to forest managers for both economic and ecological reasons. Mortality factors affecting ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) seedlings immediately following natural germination and through the following year were monitored in Northern Arizona. The four major mortality factors in temporal order included the failure of roots to establish in the soil (27%), herbivory by lepidopteran larvae (28%), desiccation (30%), and winterkill (10%). These mortality factors were compared among seedlings germinating in three different overstory densities and an experimental water treatment. Seedlings that were experimentally watered experienced greater mortality than natural seedlings due to herbivory (40%), nearly as much mortality due to the failure of roots to establish in the soil (20%), less mortality due to winterkill (5%), and no mortality due to desiccation. The seedling mortality data through time were summarized using survivorship curves and life tables. Our results suggest that managers should consider using prescribed burns to decrease the percentage of seedlings that die from failure of their roots to reach mineral soil and from attack by lepidopteran larvae. West. J. Appl. For. 18(2):109–114.

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