Undersowing rutabaga with white clover: impact on Delia radicum (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) and its natural enemies

2004 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggy L. Dixon ◽  
Juanita R. Coady ◽  
David J. Larson ◽  
Dean Spaner
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Delia Radicum ◽  
Carabid Beetles ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Parasitic Hymenoptera ◽  
Bembidion Lampros ◽  
Pterostichus Melanarius ◽  
Cabbage Maggot ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractThe cabbage maggot, Delia radicum (L.), is a serious pest of cruciferous crops in temperate regions of North America and Europe. The effects of undersowing rutabaga, Brassica napus L. subsp. rapifera Metzg. (Brassicaceae), with white clover, Trifolium repens L. (Leguminosae), on second-generation cabbage maggot and its natural enemies were studied in Newfoundland in 1997 and 1998. In 1997, totals of 1311 and 724 eggs were recovered from bare and undersown plots, respectively. More eggs were present in bare plots than undersown plots on various specific dates. In 1997, rutabagas from bare plots weighed more than those from undersown plots, although damage ratings were similar, suggesting that competition, not cabbage maggot feeding, caused the yield differences. In 1998, there were few cabbage maggots present and little damage or yield reduction in either treatment. Similar numbers of cabbage maggot pupae were extracted and reared from each treatment in each year. In 1997, of the pupae reared from undersown plots, 48% produced cabbage maggot flies, 14% produced parasitic Hymenoptera, and 8% produced Aleochara bilineata Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae); 19% of the pupae from bare plots produced cabbage maggot flies, 8% produced parasitic Hymenoptera, and 36% produced A. bilineata. More A. bilineata were captured in pitfall traps in bare plots than in undersown plots. The effect of clover on carabid beetles was species specific. There were more Bembidion lampros (Herbst) and Amara bifrons (Gyllenhal) in bare plots in 1997, and more Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger) in undersown plots in both years. Despite consistently lower egg numbers in undersown plots than in bare plots, the numbers of pupae in the two treatments were similar at the end of the season. We speculate that this may be due to differential, density-dependent mortality of immature stages of cabbage maggot caused by predators and parasitoids.

Population variability of three Delia species (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) from the same agricultural habitat in Québec, Canada

2017 ◽  
Vol 150 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Lamb ◽  
Guy Boivin
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Population Variability ◽  
Delia Radicum ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Species Population ◽  
Specific Trait ◽  
Cabbage Maggot ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Trap Catches

AbstractLong-term trap catches of seedcorn maggot, Delia platura (Meigen), onion maggot, Delia antiqua (Meigen), and cabbage maggot, Delia radicum (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), were used to test the hypothesis that related species have more similar population variability than unrelated ones. Annual abundance was estimated from trap catches for 32 years (two species) or 17 years (one species). Population variability was quantified as PV, a proportion between 0 and 1. The three Delia Robineau-Desvoidy species had PV values of 0.51–0.55 that did not differ significantly. These PV values were found to differ significantly from two unrelated species studied over the same time period in the same habitat, which had PV values of 0.39 and 0.67. The hypothesis that related species have more similar population variabilities than unrelated species in the same habitat was supported. These data strengthen the view that PV is a species-specific trait reflecting the adaptation of life histories to their habitat, with related species showing more similar adaptations than unrelated species. The polyphagous and saprophagous seedcorn maggot had PV similar to the two oligophagous herbivores, casting doubt on the hypothesis that more generalist feeders have less variable populations than more specialised feeders.

A comparison of the effects of minimum-till and conventional-till methods, with and without straw incorporation, on slugs, slug damage, earthworms and carabid beetles in autumn-sown cereals

2012 ◽  
Vol 151 (5) ◽  
pp. 605-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. F. KENNEDY ◽  
J. CONNERY ◽  
T. FORTUNE ◽  
D. FORRISTAL ◽  
J. GRANT
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Carabid Beetle ◽  
Carabid Beetles ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Pterostichus Melanarius ◽  
Straw Incorporation ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARYThe present study compared slug, earthworm and carabid beetle abundance and slug damage to plants in minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT) autumn-sown cereals. Winter barley was sown by CT and MT for 3 years followed by winter wheat for 6 years on a light-textured soil (Trial 1). Each cultivation was split so that straw was incorporated into the soil during cultivation in one split while the other did not receive straw. A similar investigation with winter wheat, over the same period, was undertaken on a nearby heavy-textured soil (Trial 2). The effects of method of cultivation and soil incorporation of straw on slug abundance and damage, and on earthworm populations were measured. Additionally, at Trial 1, the effects of cultivation and straw treatments on carabid beetle occurrence were measured in years 5–9. Over the 9 years, the method of cultivation had a significant effect on slug numbers in each trial. Slugs were more numerous in MT than CT plots, significantly so in 3 of the 9 years in Trial 1 and in 5 years in Trial 2. In Trial 1, slug numbers were significantly greater on no-straw than straw plots in 3 years as well as for the 9 years combined. Slug numbers did not differ between straw and no-straw plots in Trial 2. Slug numbers varied significantly between years and were influenced by factors other than the method of cultivation and straw application. Slug damage to seed and seedlings was quite low in each year (1–2%). Slug damage to cereal leaves at GS 23 was widespread in both trials, and severe in some years. MT had more leaf damage than CT in 5 of the 9 years in each trial, significantly so in 3 years in Trial 1 and in 4 years in Trial 2. Straw did not affect leaf damage in either MT or CT. Slug damage was not related to, nor did it affect either ear density or grain yield. The dominant slug species was Deroceras reticulatum. Earthworm numbers were significantly greater in MT than CT, for combined years, in each trial. Annually, these differences were significant for 5 years in Trial 1 and 2 years in Trial 2. Straw plots had significantly more earthworms than no-straw, for combined years, in each trial. The latter differences were significant for 5 years in Trial 1 and 3 years in Trial 2. In MT, the positive effect of straw on earthworm numbers was significant in Trial 2 but not in Trial 1. In CT, the latter effect was significant in each trial. Lumbricus species were more numerous in MT than CT and in straw than no-straw treatments. The impact of cultivation on numbers of carabid beetles was species-specific. The large beetle, Pterostichus melanarius, was significantly more numerous in MT than CT in 2 of the 5 years and for the aggregate of 5 years. Small carabids (Bembidion species and Trechus quadristriatus) were significantly more abundant in CT than MT in 3 of the 5 years as well as for the aggregate of 5 years. Straw did not affect the number of any or all carabid species either for combined cultivations (MT + CT) or within either MT or CT. It is concluded that MT increases slug numbers, slug damage and earthworm numbers relative to CT cultivations. MT favours large carabid beetles and CT favours small beetles. Straw incorporation increases earthworm numbers but not slugs, slug damage or carabid beetles. Slug damage to cereal leaves does not affect ear density or grain yield in either MT or CT crops when sown to a depth of 40 mm and before 18 September.

Parasitic and Predacious Agents Affecting the Hippelates pusio Complex in Jamaica and Trinidad

1966 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. F. Legner ◽  
E. C. Bay ◽  
T. H. Farr
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Larval Parasite ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Parasitic Hymenoptera

AbstractA search for natural enemies of Hippelates eye gnats in Jamaica and Trinidad in 1963 resulted in the discovery of four pupal parasites, Trichopria nov. sp., Spalcmgia drosophilae Ashmead, a species of Spalangia and Encyrtidae, and one larval parasite, Trybliographa nov. sp., in Jamaica. What were probably phoretic mites of the Acaridiae infested up to 6.1 per cent of the adult populations in Jamaica. No parasitic Hymenoptera were found attacking Hippelates in Trinidad. Parasitization in Jamaica sometimes approached 40 per cent, but overall parasitization with all host exposures considered did not exceed 2.5 per cent. The effect of predators on naturally breeding Hippelates populations in both Jamaica and Trinidad seemed highly significant, and predominant species are listed.

Fleshy scoli removed without detriment: structure and potential anti-predation function in a slug caterpillar (Limacodidae)

Behaviour ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Bing Dong ◽  
Yirong Wang ◽  
Qin Li ◽  
Zhanqi Chen
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Carabid Beetles ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Warning Signals ◽  
Multiple Predators

Abstract Anti-predator outgrowths are found prevalent in animals such as stinging spines of caterpillars. However, an encounter with a predator is usually fatal as caterpillars would die easily even if just small body parts were taken. Here, we showed the larvae of Phrixolepia sp. did not get injured when the fleshy but not urticating scoli were removed. By showing the morphologic traits, we assume these particular scoli function as enlarged warning signals and substitute to be attacked so that caterpillars can warn multiple predators, with a lower chance of getting injured when encountering natural enemies, such as birds and carabid beetles.

scholarly journals Microbial Control of Cabbage Maggot-Preliminary Screenings of Fungal Isolates, 1995

1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 413-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Meadow ◽  
John D. Vandenberg ◽  
Anthony M. Shelton ◽  
D. Wesley Watson
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York State ◽  
Microbial Control ◽  
Delia Radicum ◽  
Cornell University ◽  
Southern Corn Rootworm ◽  
Centrifuge Tube ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
Agricultural Experiment ◽  
Cabbage Maggot

Abstract Adult CM were exposed to dry conidia of isolates of Beauvaria bassiana (Bb), Metarhizium anisopilae (Ma) or Paeciomyces fumosoroseus (Pf). Two B. bassiana isolates were from Cornell University (P89, L90) isolated from Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), one was from Mycoteh Corp., Butte, MT (Myc 726) originally isolated from southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpuntata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), re-isolated from a grasshopper, Melanoplus sp. (Orthoptera:Acrididae), and then re-isolated from silverleaf whitefly, Bemesia argentiflora (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). The other isolates were from the USDA-ARS Collection of Entomophagous Fungal Cultures. One B. bassiana isolate, 4012, was isolated from Delia radicum (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). The P. fumosoroseus isolates were number 1626 from M. autumnalis (Diptera: Muscidae), 1644, 1645, 1867 and 1868 from M. domestica, 1646 from Calliphora spp. (Diptera: Calliphoridae), and 887 from unidentified Diptera. The M. anisopilae isolates were 2521 from Deois spp. (Homoptera: Cercopidae), 3540 from Gelleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and 4862 and 4865 from soil. Flies from rearings at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY, were exposed to the fungi by placing 5 flies in a centrifuge tube containing conidia scraped directly from culture plates. The flies were then released into small screened plastic cages, which were placed in chambers with constant temperature of 21° C and L:D 15: 9. There were 3 replicates. Mortality was assessed after 48, 120 and 160h. Dead flies were placed in petri dishes with moistened filter paper to assess infection.

THE TOXICITY OF INSECTICIDES BY CONTACT AND SOIL TREATMENT TO TWO SPECIES OF GROUND BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE)

1975 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 529-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Tomlin
Keyword(s):  
Ground Beetles ◽  
Soil Treatment ◽  
Carabid Beetles ◽  
Light Traps ◽  
Spray Tower ◽  
Pest Insects ◽  
Pterostichus Melanarius ◽  
Soil Insecticides ◽  
Serial Dilutions

AbstractAdults of predatory carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) of the species Stenolophus comma Fabricius field-collected from light traps were bioassayed against several soil insecticides along with laboratory reared larvae of the predatory carabid Pterostichus melanarius Illiger. Adult S. comma beetles were exposed to serial dilutions of insecticides using a Potter spray tower; larvae of P. melanarius were exposed to insecticidally treated Plainfield sand. Fensulfothion, phorate, methomyl, carbofuran, and O,O-diethyl-S(tertbutylthio) methyl phosphorodithioate (Counter®) proved to be highly toxic to adult S. comma with a 0.01% solution causing mortalities > 65%. In the bioassay of P. melanarius larvae, Counter®, phorate, heptachlor, aldrin, and O-(2-chloro-1-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)vinyl) O-methyl ethylphosphonothioate (WL 24073) produced mortalities > 75% at 0.1 p.p.m. in Plainfield sand. The Pterostichus larvae which are probably important as predators of pest insects appear quite susceptible to several important soil insecticides. Chlorfenvinphos, leptophos, and p,p′-DDT were fairly innocuous to both adults and larvae.

Notes on the Stages and the Biology of Baryodma ontarionis Casey (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), a Parasite of the Cabbage Maggot, Hylemya brassicae Bouché (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)

1953 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Colhoun
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Aleochara Bilineata ◽  
European Species ◽  
Hylemya Brassicae ◽  
Cabbage Maggot

During investigations on the natural enemies of root maggots attacking Cruciferae, the beetle Baryodma ontarionis Casey was reared from puparia of the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché). This was not unexpected, for Gibson and Treherne (1916) had reported a similar occurrence; the staphylinid beetles reared at that time were identified by Casey (1916), who decided that they belonged to the verna group of Baryodma and assigned the name Baryodma ontarionis. Casey (loc. cit.) considered the species rather common and stated that it did not seem to resemble any European species; but Mr. W. J. Brown (in litt.), Systematic Entomology, Division of Entomology, Ottawa, who identified the beetles collected in 1950, is of the opinion that B. ontarionis is synonymous with Aleochara bilineata Gyll., tvhich attaclrs the cabbage maggot in Europe. Wadsworth (1915) dealt with the biology of A. bilineata, giving detailed descriptions of the immature stages. A study of the biology of B. ontarionis was carried out at the Belleville laboratory as part of n program of parasite introduction with the purpose in view of using the information to evaluate the beetle as a factor in the control of root maggots that are severe pests of cabbage, cauliflower, turnip, and radish.

scholarly journals Do properties and species of weed seeds affect their consumption by carabid beetles?

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (Suppl.) ◽  
pp. 37-48
Author(s):  
Hana Foffová ◽  
David A. Bohan ◽  
Pavel Saska
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Ground Beetle ◽  
Taraxacum Officinale ◽  
Carabid Beetles ◽  
Seed Selection ◽  
Seed Predators ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Anchomenus Dorsalis ◽  
Pterostichus Melanarius

Seed predators are an integral part of agroecosystems, where they can reduce the populations of weeds. The preference of predators for seeds and the observed predation rate may be affected by the properties of seeds (e.g. taxonomy, chemical composition, physical defence). In this work, we focused on seed consumption of Taraxacum officinale Web. and Stellaria media (L.) Vill., from France and the Czech Republic, by three species of ground beetle that are seed predators (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Poecilus cupreus (Linnaeus), Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger) and Anchomenus dorsalis (Pontoppidan). The seed species were offered in arenas, simultaneously, under three different experimental manipulations of moisture and seed coat conditions: dry and intact, water-imbibed and intact, and water-imbibed with a damaged seed coat. Seed consumption was checked after 0.5, 1, 2, 24, and 48 hours of exposure. Anchomenus dorsalis largely refused to feed on seeds. Taraxacum officinale seeds with damaged coats were most preferred by the remaining two species of carabids. The consumption by P. cupreus of T. officinale seeds with damaged coats increased from 0.18 % after 0.5 hours to 83.83 % after 48 hours, and by P. melanarius from 13.76 % after 0.5 hours to 76.77 % after 48 hours. Seeds of S. media were consumed less. There was a significant difference in consumption rates due to the country of origin of the seeds, but there were no differences between the carabid sexes. That carabids preferred water-imbibed and damaged seeds may suggest an involvement of olfactory clues in the seed selection process, and/or shorter seed-handling times.

scholarly journals Carabid beetle assemblages (Coleoptera) in a wooded meadow and in the adjacent habitats on the Saaremaa Island, Estonia

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 169-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tõnu Talvi
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Carabid Beetles ◽  
Pitfall Traps ◽  
Spruce Forest ◽  
Traditional Management ◽  
Beetle Assemblages ◽  
Pterostichus Melanarius

Carabid beetles were sampled by using pitfall traps during one season in traditionally managed wooded meadow and in adjacent habitats (dry meadow, deciduous forest and spruce forest) on Saaremaa Island, Estonia. A total of 2356 carabids belonging to 35 species were caught. The number of species and species diversity were highest in the wooded meadow and lowest in the dry meadow. In the wooded meadow, the dominant species were Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger) and P. niger, (Schaller), which counted together for 49% of the total sample. The highest number of scarce species was found in the wooded meadow. Similarity of the carabid assemblages was highest between the two types of forests. The carabid assemblage in the wooded meadow was most similar to that of the deciduous forest; the values of similarity of wooded meadow versus spruce forest and wooded meadow versus dry meadow were only slightly lower. The results indicate that high biodiversity level of the wooded meadow can be maintained only through continuous traditional management.

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