Adulticidal Activity of Coffee Essential Oils against Two Fruit Fly Species (Tephritidae) under Laboratory Conditions

The aim of this study was to evaluate the adulticidal effects of green coffee oil (GCO) and roasted coffee oil (RCO) on two species of fruit flies (Tephritidae) include Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) and Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann). Adult flies of both species were exposed to GCO and RCO at 2%, 3%, and 4% dilutions in water under Potter spray tower. In general, exposure to GCO and RCO at the three dilutions resulted in higher numbers of dead adults of both species compared to the control populations. The mortalities increased substantially between 60–90 minutes after initial exposure. The 2% GCO dilution reached a maximum of 77.0% corrected mortality of A. fraterculus at 360 minutes. In general, the toxic effect of coffee oils occurred more rapidly in C. capitata than in A. fraterculus. GCO (2% and 3%) and RCO (2%) showed promising results for fruit fly management.

Effect of Gas-Liquid Contact Intensification on Heat and Mass Transfer in Deflector and Rod Bank Desulfurization Spray Tower

The deflector and the rod bank are commonly used to optimize flue gas distribution in the original spray tower (OST) of a wet flue gas desulfurization system (WFGD). In this paper, the internal optimization mechanism of the deflector desulfurization spray tower (DST) and the rod bank desulfurization spray tower (RBST) are studied. Based on the Euler–Lagrange method, the standard k-ε turbulence model, an SO2 absorption model and a porous media model, the numerical simulation of the desulfurization spray tower is carried out with the verification of the model rationality. The results show that there are gas-liquid contact intensification effects in DST and RBST. Compared with OST, gas-liquid contact intensification enhances the heat and mass transfer effects of DST and RBST. The temperature difference between inlet and outlet of flue gas increased by 3.3 K and the desulfurization efficiency of DST increased by 1.8%; the pressure drop decreased by 37 Pa. In RBST, the temperature difference between the flue gas inlet and outlet increased by 5.3 K and the desulfurization efficiency increased by 3.6%; the pressure drop increased by 33 Pa.

The Evolution of the Fed Batch Ethoxylation Reactors to Produce the Non-Ionic Surfactants

The most recent reactor technology to produce non-ionic surfactants via ethoxylation reaction is illustrated in the present work. The most advanced reactors are deeply illustrated for what concerns the working principle and the main performance. In detail, Venturi Loop Reactor (VLR), Spray Tower Loop Reactor (STLR) and Enhanced Loop Reactor (ELR) are depicted, and the related performance compared. ELR shows the highest flexibility, to reach the desired ethoxylation degree, and at the same time good performances comparable with the VLR. Moreover, ELR allows to reach high ethoxylation degree, as in this condition, a good mixing, in the case of high liquid expansion, is difficult to be achieved with the other reactors. Thus, it is possible to work at higher ethoxylation degree respecting safety issues. Finally, a comprehensive model was proposed to describe quantitatively the mentioned reactors. The model is characterized by a general validity and can be easily adapted to each specific reactor configuration.

Hydrodynamics and mass transfer investigations in a biphasic plasma reactor

This work aims to investigate the radical mechanism responsible for the degradation of a highly soluble pollutant in water. The AG25 dye was chosen as substrate and the GAD-Spray as biphasic reactor to treat it remotely. The study is conducted through experiments and simulations using Comsol Multiphysics-chemical engineering module. The Hydrodynamics coupled with the plasma-reaction has demonstrated that a low mass transfer in the droplet favorites the removal of the pollutant. It indicates that the plasma-reactions take place at the stagnant liquid film are far from the bulk of the droplet. Numerical modeling fitted by the conversion rate of the reagent has shown that the peroxynitrous acid HOONO (PON) is responsible for the degradation of AG25 in water. Consequently, and according different kinetic mechanisms, a radical mechanism has been predicted based on this deduction. The removal and the degradation rates were of 88 and 83% respectively during 90 min after the plasma exposure. The results of simulations showed a significant agreement between the calculated and the real removal rate of AG25. Through this study, it can be confirmed that GAD-spray-tower plasma reactor is efficient to eliminate and degrade remotely a very soluble pollutant through the HOONO (PON) plasma long-lived species.

AIR QUALITY CONTROL MODEL (DUST PARTICLE) WITH SPRAY TOWER

Introduction:Air is a gas mixture that consists of several components and is spread throughout the area. Air pollution is the presence in the atmosphere in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets or gaseous components abnormally or in the presence in greater concentrations. There is an easy way to control air pollution by reducing the source of the pollution. However, control is part of air health as with the concept of water treatment. The purpose of this study was to design a device to defray the particles of spray tower dust at a low cost. Methods: This type of research used a pre experiment with the aim of testing the Spray Tower tool in reducing the levels of dust particles from the combustion process with coal briquettes, rice husks, and old tires. The pre test was coal briquettes, rice husk ash, and tires without being sprayed with water. The post test were coal, rice husks, and tires with sprayed water (with the help of 1 nozzle, 2 nozzles and 3 nozzles). The independent variable is the number of nozzles sprayed, the dependent variable includes a decrease in the level of dust particles while the disturbing variable consists of sprayed water discharge, weight of coal briquettes, rice husk ash and tires, air temperature, humidity, height of spraying tower, nozzle diameter. Result and discussion: of the study the average air temperature was 20.17oC, humidity was 82%. The water discharge for 1 nozzle is 47.76 ml / second, 2 nozzles are 83.75 ml / second and 3 nozzles are 113.76 ml / second. The initial particle content of old tires was 3,020,000 μg / m3, coal briquettes (420,000 μg / m3) and rice husk ash (110,000 μg / m3). The average content of used tire dust particles with one nozzle (1,273.33.33 μg / m3), coal briquettes with one nozzle (361,666.67 μg / m3) and rice husk with one nozzle (23,333.33 μg / m3). The average dust particle content of old tires with two nozzles (16,666.67 μg / m3), coal briquettes with two nozzles (195,000 μg / m3) and rice husks with two husks (18,333.33 μg / m3). The average content of used tire dust particles with three nozzles (13,333.33 μg / m3), coal briquettes with three nozzles (13,333.33 μg / m3) and rice husks with three husks (13,333.33 μg / m3). Conclusion:When compared with Government regulation no. 41 of 1999 is still far from the standard 230 μg / m3 (24 hours), 90 μg / m3 (1 hour). Suggestion It is necessary to conduct other similar studies with a larger sample size, varying air pollution groups, modified models and diameters, controlled gross flow rates.

Capturing CO2 from Biogas by MEA (Monoethanolamine) using Packed Bed Scrubber

Biogas adalah salah satu sumber energi terbarukan yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pengganti energi fosil. Biogas sebagian besar mengandung metan (CH4) dan karbon dioksida (CO2). Kandungan CO2 pada biogas mengurangi efisiensi pada proses pembakaran dan dapat menyebabkan korosi pada komponen-komponen logam yang kontak langsung dengan biogas. Pemurnian biogas dengan absorpsi merupakan suatu cara untuk menurunkan kadar CO2 yang terkandung, dan meningkatkan kandungan CH4 pada biogas sehingga biogas yang dihasilkan dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar. Penelitian ini ditujukkan untuk mempelajari pengaruh konsentrasi monoethanolamine (MEA) dan laju alir absorben terhadap penurunan kadar CO2 yang terkandung dalam biogas. Proses absorpsi CO2 dilakukan pada scrubber tipe spray tower, scrubber yang digunakan pada penelitian ini berbahan akrilik dengan diameter 64 mm, panjang scrubber 750 mm, tinggi packing pada scrubber 500 mm dan dengan kapasitas 1.5 m3. Laju alir biogas yang digunakan 26 L/menit dengan variasi laju alir larutan MEA sebesar 0,5, 1 dan 1,5 L/menit dan variasi konsentrasi larutan MEA sebesar 1, 3, 5, dan 7M. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada laju alir larutan MEA 1,5 L/menit dengan konsentrasi larutan MEA 7M dapat menurunkan CO2 dari 8,53% menjadi 0,10%, dan dapat meningkatkan kandungan metana (CH4) dari 69,24% menjadi 81,20%.Biogas is a renewable energy source that can be used as a substitute for fossil energy. Biogas mostly contains methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The content CO2 in biogas reduces the efficiency of the combustion process and cause corrosion in metal components when direct contact with biogas. Biogas purification using absorption method can reduce levels of CO2 contained and increase levels of CH4 then the biogas produced can be used as fuel. This research study the effect of monoethanolamine (MEA) concentration and absorbent flow rate on the reduction of CO2 contained in biogas. CO2 absorption process is carried out by a spray tower type scrubber. It consisted of an acrylic absorption column (64 mm in diameter, 750 mm in height, 500 mm in packing height and 1.5 m3 in capacity). Biogas flow rate used is 26 L/min with variation of the flow rate of MEA 0.5, 1, and 1,5 L/min and concentration of MEA solution 1, 3, 5, and 7M. The results showed that the flow rate of MEA 1.5 L/min with a concentration of 7M MEA solution can reduce CO2 from 8.53% to 0.10% and can increase the methane (CH4) load from 69.24% to 81.20%.

Selectivity of Entomopathogenic Fungi to Chrysoperla externa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

We aimed to evaluate the selectivity of entomopathogenic fungi to larvae of Chrysoperla externa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). For this purpose, Beauveria bassiana (strain ESALQ PL63), Metarhizium anisopliae (strain ESALQ E9) and Metarhizium rileyi (strain UFMS 03) were assessed at different concentrations (1 × 107, 1 × 108 and 1 × 109 conidia mL−1). The control treatment consisted of distilled water and Tween80 0.01. The treatments were applied with a Potter spray tower using two different methodologies: direct application (DA) and dry film (DF). Up to 96 h after application, no treatment provided a larval mortality above 3%. After 120 h, only B. bassiana induced significant mortality in all instars, with rates of 26%, 17% and 10% for first, second and third instar larval periods, respectively. There was no difference regarding to the application method or concentration of conidia. The percentage of individuals that revealed changes in the length of the larval and pupal periods varied among different treatments with entomopathogenic fungi and control treatments, application methodologies and concentrations. Despite B. bassiana revealing a higher mortality than M. anisopliae and M. rileyi on larvae of C. externa, these three entomopathogenic fungi may be used in association with C. externa for sustainable pest management.