Fleshy scoli removed without detriment: structure and potential anti-predation function in a slug caterpillar (Limacodidae)

Behaviour ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Bing Dong ◽  
Yirong Wang ◽  
Qin Li ◽  
Zhanqi Chen
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Carabid Beetles ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Warning Signals ◽  
Multiple Predators

Abstract Anti-predator outgrowths are found prevalent in animals such as stinging spines of caterpillars. However, an encounter with a predator is usually fatal as caterpillars would die easily even if just small body parts were taken. Here, we showed the larvae of Phrixolepia sp. did not get injured when the fleshy but not urticating scoli were removed. By showing the morphologic traits, we assume these particular scoli function as enlarged warning signals and substitute to be attacked so that caterpillars can warn multiple predators, with a lower chance of getting injured when encountering natural enemies, such as birds and carabid beetles.

Undersowing rutabaga with white clover: impact on Delia radicum (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) and its natural enemies

2004 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggy L. Dixon ◽  
Juanita R. Coady ◽  
David J. Larson ◽  
Dean Spaner
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Delia Radicum ◽  
Carabid Beetles ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Parasitic Hymenoptera ◽  
Bembidion Lampros ◽  
Pterostichus Melanarius ◽  
Cabbage Maggot ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractThe cabbage maggot, Delia radicum (L.), is a serious pest of cruciferous crops in temperate regions of North America and Europe. The effects of undersowing rutabaga, Brassica napus L. subsp. rapifera Metzg. (Brassicaceae), with white clover, Trifolium repens L. (Leguminosae), on second-generation cabbage maggot and its natural enemies were studied in Newfoundland in 1997 and 1998. In 1997, totals of 1311 and 724 eggs were recovered from bare and undersown plots, respectively. More eggs were present in bare plots than undersown plots on various specific dates. In 1997, rutabagas from bare plots weighed more than those from undersown plots, although damage ratings were similar, suggesting that competition, not cabbage maggot feeding, caused the yield differences. In 1998, there were few cabbage maggots present and little damage or yield reduction in either treatment. Similar numbers of cabbage maggot pupae were extracted and reared from each treatment in each year. In 1997, of the pupae reared from undersown plots, 48% produced cabbage maggot flies, 14% produced parasitic Hymenoptera, and 8% produced Aleochara bilineata Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae); 19% of the pupae from bare plots produced cabbage maggot flies, 8% produced parasitic Hymenoptera, and 36% produced A. bilineata. More A. bilineata were captured in pitfall traps in bare plots than in undersown plots. The effect of clover on carabid beetles was species specific. There were more Bembidion lampros (Herbst) and Amara bifrons (Gyllenhal) in bare plots in 1997, and more Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger) in undersown plots in both years. Despite consistently lower egg numbers in undersown plots than in bare plots, the numbers of pupae in the two treatments were similar at the end of the season. We speculate that this may be due to differential, density-dependent mortality of immature stages of cabbage maggot caused by predators and parasitoids.

scholarly journals Toxicity of Insecticides and Miticides to Natural Enemies in Australian Grains: A Review

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Kathy Overton ◽  
Ary A. Hoffmann ◽  
Olivia L. Reynolds ◽  
Paul A. Umina
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Carabid Beetles ◽  
Generalist Predators ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Target Effects

Continued prophylactic chemical control to reduce pest populations in Australian grain farming systems has limited the effectiveness of biological control via natural enemies in crops within an integrated pest management (IPM) framework. While a variety of data is available to infer potential non-target effects of chemicals on arthropod natural enemies, much of it may be irrelevant or difficult to access. Here, we synthesise the literature relevant to Australian grain crops and highlight current knowledge gaps for potential future investment. A range of testing methodologies have been utilised, often deviating from standardised International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) protocols. Consistent with findings from over 30 years ago, research has continued to occur predominantly at laboratory scales and on natural enemy families that are easily reared or commercially available. There is a paucity of data for many generalist predators, in particular for spiders, hoverflies, and rove and carabid beetles. Furthermore, very few studies have tested the effects of seed treatments on natural enemies, presenting a significant gap given the widespread global use of neonicotinoid seed treatments. There is a need to validate results obtained under laboratory conditions at industry-relevant scales and also prioritise testing on several key natural enemy species we have identified, which should assist with the adoption of IPM practices and decrease the reliance on broad-spectrum chemicals.

scholarly journals Diagnostic Accuracy of Ultrasonography Correlated with Cytopathology by Direct Real Time Ultrasonography Guidance

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (Number 2) ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
M T Islam ◽  
F Ahmad ◽  
Hasanuzzaman ◽  
S M Rumee
Keyword(s):  
Gall Bladder ◽  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Abdominal Lesions ◽  
Ultrasonography Guidance ◽  
Abdominal Lesion ◽  
Real Time Ultrasonography ◽  
Made In

Ultrasonographically (USG) guided fine needle aspiration neology (FNAC) is simple. quick. and abrrost accurate and essentially risk free procedure for the diagnosis of Mira-abdominal lesions including small bows in some superficial small body paris like thyroid. bream' etc. In the present study. USG guided FNAC in intrambdominal lumps as well as lump in some small body parts was performed USG ,findings prior to FNAC procedure was recorded with a possible rillmsorrographic diagnosis for each of die case with relevant clinical and associated USG correlation. FNAC for each of the cases was than carried out. Samples were sear for cympathology. Finally. USG findings were correlated with cyropathology reports. A total 4'111 cases was .thalied of which 53 were of liver. 17 gall bladder. seven lymph nod, four stomach, four bond, three common bile duct (CBD). three kidney, two suprarenal, two breast. Iwo rhyroid. nvo pancreas, three menu and three cases of ovary. Successfirl cytopathological correlarion was made in 106 cases. The sensitivity was 100%. specificin 96.77% and diagnostic accuracy rare was 99.099%. Hepatic malignancy was found in 41 cases out of 53 cases arid was the most common abdominal lesion followed by lesions from gall bladder, abdominal lymphaderropathies. GI track kidneys and others.

scholarly journals XÁC ĐỊNH MỘT SỐ LOÀI ĐỊCH HẠI TRÊN HÀU NUÔI TẠI ĐẦM LẬP AN, THỊ TRẤN LĂNG CÔ, HUYỆN PHÚ LỘC, TỈNH THỪA THIÊN HUẾ

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 2342-2351
Author(s):  
Nguyễn Việt Hoàng ◽  
Đoàn Thị Ngọc Thuần ◽  
Võ Văn Sự ◽  
Nguyễn Thị Thanh Thủy ◽  
Tôn Thất Chất
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Penaeus Monodon ◽  
Perna Viridis ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Mud Crab ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Green Mussel ◽  
Tiger Prawn ◽  
Farming Households

Qua quá trình điều tra cho thấy có 4 nhóm địch hại phổ biến đối với hàu nuôi ở đầm Lập An, thị trấn Lăng Cô, huyện Phú Lộc, tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế gồm: (i) Họ vẹm (vẹm Xanh (Perna viridis), vẹm Đen (Perna sp.); (ii) Sun (Balanus sp.); (iii) Giun nhiều tơ (Polydora sp.); và (iv) các loài ăn thịt (tôm Sú - Penaeus monodon, cua Xanh - Scylla parapamosain, cá Dìa - Siganus guttatus). Vẹm Xanh (Perna viridis) và vẹm Đen (Perna sp.) giống xuất hiện nhiều vào tháng 4 - tháng 5. Sun (Balanus sp.) xuất hiện nhiều từ tháng 6 - tháng 12, địch hại còn lại xuất hiện hầu như suốt vụ nuôi. Hình thức gây hại chính của địch hại là kí sinh trong, ngoài vỏ và bám chiếm giá thể, còn các loài ăn thịt dùng các cơ quan phá vỡ vỏ hàu để ăn thịt. Tổng sản lượng hàu nuôi tại đầm Lập An là 529,5 tấn/vụ, sản lượng trung bình đạt 8,54 tấn/hộ/vụ. Nghề nuôi hàu mang lại thu nhập cao cho người dân tại đầm Lập An, lợi nhuận các hộ nuôi hàu tại đầm Lập An thu được từ 74 - 118 triệu đồng/vụ. Khi thời tiết không thuận lợi, địch hại hàu nuôi xuất hiện nhiều khi phát triển bùng phát làm giảm năng suất và sản lượng của hàu nuôi. ABSTRACT The investigation showed that there are 4 common harmful groups of oysters in Lap An lagoon, Lang Co town, Phu Loc district, Thua Thien Hue province, including (i) Mussel (Green mussel - Perna viridis, Black mussel - Perna sp.); (ii) Sun (Balanus sp.); (iii) Polychaete (Polydora sp.); and (iv) Predators such as Giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon), Mud crab (Scylla parapamosain), Orange spotted spinefoot (Siganus guttatus). Green mussel (Perna viridis), Black mussel (Perna sp.), the breed mainly appears in April - May. Sun (Balanus sp.) mostly appears from June to December, the remaining predators nearly appear during the crop. The main harmful forms of natural enemies are to live as parasites inside, outside of the shell, and clinging to the planktons, while the predators use some of their body parts to break the oysters’ outer shell. The total production of cultured oysters in Lap An lagoon is 529.5 tons/crop, the average yield is 8.54 tons/household/crop. Oyster farming brings high income for people in Lap An lagoon, oyster farming households in Lap An lagoon earn from 74 to 118 million VND/crop. When the weather is unfavorable, the predators of cultured oysters sometimes appear to grow out, reducing the productivity and yield of cultured oysters.  

DYNAMIC LINEAR LEVEL OCTREE-BASED VOLUME RENDERING METHODS FOR INTERACTIVE MICROSURGICAL SIMULATION

2006 ◽  
Vol 06 (02) ◽  
pp. 155-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZHENLAN WANG ◽  
CHEE-KONG CHUI ◽  
YIYU CAI ◽  
CHUAN-HENG ANG ◽  
SWEE-HIN TEOH
Keyword(s):  
Volume Rendering ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Computational Method ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Ray Casting ◽  
Augmented Reality Technology ◽  
Fast Rendering ◽  
Microsurgical Procedure ◽  
New Algorithms

Microsurgery is a highly complex surgical procedure on small body parts performed by a dedicated surgical team. An operating microscope is typically used to obtain a precise view of the soft tissues. The complexity of the microsurgical procedure makes it a suitable application of virtual/augmented reality technology for training purpose. In this paper, we present an overview of our simulator and then describe in details the visualization work that reconstructs the magnified view of the operating area from medical images. The visualization component is based entirely on our newly proposed dynamic linear level octree (DLLO)-based volume rendering methods. In comparison with the conventional ray casting algorithms, our computational method achieves fast rendering speed, reduces hardware requirement and combines surface-volume rendering for realistic and interactive PC-based medical simulations. The new algorithms are suitable for rendering dynamic medical data which are increasingly popular clinically.

scholarly journals Evolution in Extremis: The When, How, and Why of Hawaiian Carabid Beetles

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Liebherr
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Carabid Beetle ◽  
Carabid Beetles ◽  
Habitat Specialization ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Ecological Specialization ◽  
Hawaiian Archipelago ◽  
Ecological Zones

The Hawaiian Archipelago is the most isolated oceanic island system in the World, separated from the nearest source areas by more than 4000 km. Five independent colonization events have resulted in diversification of a native carabid beetle fauna in excess of 400 known species. This diverse assemblage is disharmonic, with the major radiations restricted to the platynine genus Blackburnia Sharp (139 species), the subgenus Nesocidium Sharp of Bembidion Latreille (21 species), and the moriomorphine genus Mecyclothorax Sharp (239 species). Biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary attributes of these three radiations are compared in order to determine factors crucial to carabid beetle diversification in this most-isolated situation. Biogeographical attributes include the age of origin of the constituent radiation, the island likely colonized by its common ancestor, and the biological characteristics, where known, of the colonizing ancestors for each independent radiation. Ecological attributes include the amount of habitat specialization undergone during each radiation, taking into account the primordial habitat colonized and the subsequent pattern of occupation of different habitat types during diversification. Evolutionary attributes include brachyptery, body-size evolution, sexual selection, and the evolution of specialized body conformations. It is shown that ecological specialization—i.e., occupation of a diverse array of ecological zones and microhabitats—in concert with reduced dispersal ability brought on by evolution of brachyptery are positively associated with enhanced levels of diversification. Comparing sympatric island faunas, it is shown that the latter operates synergistically with body size, as the smaller-bodied Mecyclothorax beetles speciate much more rapidly than the larger-bodied Blackburnia on Maui and Hawai῾i Island. Nonetheless, small body size does not gaurantee high diversity, as Bembidion beetles attain body sizes similar to Mecyclothorax beetles. Age of origin of a radiation is a subsidiary criterion for diversification given that the Mecyclothorax radiation commenced only 1.2 Ma, whereas it is hypothesized that Blackburnia have been resident in the Hawaiian archipelago for upwards of 28 Ma. Thus especially for Blackburnia we are constrained in our ability to know all of the evolutionary products of the radiation due to extinction of presumably all or nearly all species that occupied the now-sunken islands northwest of the oldest high island of Kauai. We are fortunate to know of several extinct Blackburnia species discovered in lowland subfossil deposits in Kauai, and these species provide crucial information now regarding future patterns of extinction. Sexual selection can be demonstrated for the Bembidion subgenus Nesocidium, and is a likely explanation for genitalic evolution over parts of the Mecyclothorax radiation, but it is not a phenomenon pervasively associated with increased levels of speciation.

scholarly journals Natural Enemies of Micraspis crocea Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-30
Author(s):  
Marilyn Sabijon ◽  
◽  
Maria Juliet Ceniza ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Carabid Beetles ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Insect Predators ◽  
Fungus Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Rate Of Consumption

Field survey and laboratory studies were conducted to gather information on the natural enemies of Micraspis crocea. A number of predators, parasitoids and entomopathogens were observed to be associated with this species of beetle. Among the predators, the spiders were quite common in the field attacking both the larvae and adult beetles. Four species of spiders, Tetragnatha maxillosa Thorell, Argiope catenulata Doelschall, Oxyopes lineatipes C.L. Koch and Lycosa pseudoannulata Bosenberg and Strand were recorded belonging to 4 families: Tetragnathidae, Araneidae, Oxyopidae and Lycosidae, respectively. Among the species, Oxyopes lineatipes had a hight rate of consumption of the beetle larvae in the laboratory. Other insect predators observed included long-horned grasshoppers (Conocephalus longipennis), crickets (Metioche vittacolis Stal), carabid beetles (Ophionea nigrofasciata Schmidt-Goebel) and species of ant (Solenopsis germinata Fabricius). An Encyrtid wasp was also observed to parasitize the larvae of M. crocea while the white muscardine fungus, Beauveria bassiana Balsamo (Vuillemin) was found to infect the adult beetles in the field.

Adaptations for Trombone Performance: Ergonomic Interventions

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-80
Author(s):  
Nicholas F Quarrier ◽  
Richard N Norris
Keyword(s):  
Performing Arts ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Musical Instrument ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Health Care Practitioners ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Right ◽  
Ergonomic Interventions

Performing arts health care practitioners need to be familiar with the ergonomic features of various musical instruments, many of which put the performer at increased risk for injury. An informed practitioner can advise regarding improving the fit between the musician and the musical instrument, in order to reduce stresses due to compression of the instrument against the body or to supporting the weight of the instrument. These modifications may alter the instrument itself and/or provide external devices, such as splints, straps, or stands that disperse and minimize stress on the performer. Various thermoplastic orthoses have been designed to reduce static loading on small body parts such as the right thumb in clarinetists and flutists. The purpose of the paper is to discuss the nature of instrumental modifications and present two case studies using a simple moldable splint as well as adaptations to the trombone itself.

scholarly journals VIRMISCO – The Virtual Microscope Slide Collection

ZooKeys ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 741 ◽  
pp. 271-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Decker ◽  
Axel Christian ◽  
Willi E.R. Xylander
Keyword(s):  
Small Body ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Microscope Slide ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Virtual Microscope ◽  
Three Dimensional Objects ◽  
Taxonomic Research ◽  
Supplementary Material ◽  
Microscope Slides

Digitisation allows scientists rapid access to research objects. For transparent to semi-transparent three-dimensional microscopic objects, such as microinvertebrates or small body parts of organisms, available databases are scarce. Most mounting media used for permanent microscope slides deteriorate after some years or decades, eventually leading to total damage and loss of the object. However, restoration is labour-intensive, and often the composition of the mounting media is not known. A digital preservation of important material, especially types, is important and an urgent need. The Virtual Microscope Slide Collection – VIRMISCO project has developed recommendations for taking microscopic image stacks of three-dimensional objects, depositing and presenting such series of digital image files or z-stacks as an online platform. The core of VIRMISCO is an online viewer, which enables the user to virtually focus through an object online as if using a real microscope. Additionally, VIRMISCO offers features such as search, rotating, zooming, measuring, changing brightness or contrast, taking snapshots, leaving feedback as well as downloading complete z-stacks as jpeg files or video file. The open source system can be installed by any institution and can be linked to common database or images can be sent to the Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz. The benefits of VIRMISCO are the preservation of important or fragile material, to avoid loan, to act as a digital archive for image files and to allow determination by experts from the distance, as well as providing reference libraries for taxonomic research or education and providing image series as online supplementary material for publications or digital vouchers of specimens of molecular investigations are relevant applications for VIRMISCO.

The Impact of Missing and Error-Prone Auxiliary Information on Sparse-Matrix Sub-Population Parameter Estimates

Methodology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 89-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Rutkowski ◽  
Yan Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Sparse Matrix ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Auxiliary Information ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Population Parameter ◽  
Conditioning Model ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Given a consistent interest in comparing achievement across sub-populations in international assessments such as TIMSS, PIRLS, and PISA, it is critical that sub-population achievement is estimated reliably and with sufficient precision. As such, we systematically examine the limitations to current estimation methods used by these programs. Using a simulation study along with empirical results from the 2007 cycle of TIMSS, we show that a combination of missing and misclassified data in the conditioning model induces biases in sub-population achievement estimates, the magnitude and degree to which can be readily explained by data quality. Importantly, estimated biases in sub-population achievement are limited to the conditioning variable with poor-quality data while other sub-population achievement estimates are unaffected. Findings are generally in line with theory on missing and error-prone covariates. The current research adds to a small body of literature that has noted some of the limitations to sub-population estimation.

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