A laboratory method for mass rearing the orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Chaminda De Silva Weeraddana ◽  
Ian Wise ◽  
Robert J. Lamb ◽  
Sheila Wolfe ◽  
Tyler Wist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Rearing Method ◽  
Crop Resistance ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Wheat Blossom Midge

Abstract Orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), has been successfully reared in the laboratory for more than 20 years in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The rearing method has been developed to the point where it efficiently produces large numbers of wheat midge continuously under laboratory conditions for use in experiments on wheat midge biology and for screening wheat lines for crop resistance. Adult survival was extended by providing high humidity, and oviposition was increased by simulating natural dawn and dusk conditions and by supplying preflowering spring wheat to adults. Preventing desiccation of the wheat midge larvae in the wheat spikes before overwintering in soil and providing optimal cold conditions for a long enough period to break larval diapause enabled successful adult emergence. We provide data to facilitate the coordination of timing of wheat midge emergence from diapause with the wheat susceptible period. The method can be readily scaled up for screening many lines for resistance or scaled down for small experiments. Here, we report details of the rearing method so that others can implement it for research on the management of this internationally important pest.

Sex ratios of Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae): implications for pest management in wheat (Poaceae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 569-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A.H. Smith ◽  
I.L. Wise ◽  
R.J. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Differential Mortality ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Single Sex ◽  
Crop Resistance ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Population Average

AbstractSex ratios of populations of the wheat midge Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin, developing on wheat Triticum aestivum L., were determined at reproduction, adult emergence, and dispersal. The patterns of sex ratio through the life cycle of S. mosellana result from: (i) a genetic mechanism that causes all or nearly all of the progeny of individual females to be a single sex, with an overall sex ratio that is slightly biased at 54–57% females; (ii) a differential mortality during diapause that increases the sex ratio to 60–65% females; (iii) mating which occurs near the emergence site followed by female dispersal which causes the post-dispersal sex ratio to rise to nearly 100% females; and (iv) oviposition which spreads eggs among different plants and assures that the next generation has a local sex ratio close to the population average. These changes in sex ratio through the life cycle have implications for using crop resistance or pheromones to manage S. mosellana, because mating takes place quickly near emergence sites, and because mated females but not males disperse from emergence sites to oviposition sites. Crop refuges used to protect resistance genes against the evolution of virulence by S. mosellana must be interspersed to prevent assortative mating that would occur in separate blocks of resistant and susceptible plants. Monitoring or mating disruption using a pheromone would be ineffective when wheat is grown in rotation with a non-host crop.

Seasonal emergence patterns of Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in the Peace River region, Alberta, Canada

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Amanda Jorgensen ◽  
Maya L. Evenden ◽  
Owen Olfert ◽  
Jennifer Otani
Keyword(s):  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Phenological Model ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Peace River ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Emergence Patterns ◽  
River Region ◽  
Accumulated Rainfall

Abstract Wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is an invasive pest of wheat, Triticum spp. (Poaceae), in North America and is found in all wheat-growing regions of the world. Wheat midge biology, particularly post-diapause emergence of adults, varies with geographic region. The biology of wheat midge has not previously been examined in the northernmost area of its range in Canada – the Peace River region of Alberta. Wheat midge adult emergence was compared in situ to two phenological models of wheat midge emergence developed in other geographic regions. In-field adult emergence did not match the published phenological models. In the Peace River region, adults emerged later than are predicted by both models and precision for both models was low. With the Saskatchewan model, accumulated rainfall that was more than 110 mm in May and early June delayed emergence, whereas accumulated rainfall that was less than 43 mm during that period caused earlier than predicted emergence. Multiple peaks of wheat midge emergence, up to 20 days apart, were observed at some sites, supporting the Jacquemin model depicting “waves” of emergence. Including differences in soil temperature accumulation related to precipitation and optimising the model temperature thresholds would improve accuracy of the current Canadian phenological model in the Peace River region.

Factors influencing oviposition by Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on wheat spikes (Gramineae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A.H. Smith ◽  
R.J. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Secondary Importance ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Crop Resistance ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Single Spike ◽  
Egg Density ◽  
As Effects ◽  
Different Growth Stages

AbstractFactors that might contribute to variability in the densities of wheat midge eggs, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), on common and durum wheats, Triticum aestivum L. and Triticum durum Desf., were investigated to improve the quantification of oviposition preferences in relation to crop resistance. Egg densities on wheat spikes were highly variable, with a similar contagious distribution in the laboratory and field, although variance was highest in the laboratory. Females laid eggs in small groups, usually of one to six eggs; most infested spikes had more than one egg group. Females showed no preference for ovipositing on different parts of a spike, although spikelets on one side and at the base often received fewer eggs because these spikelets were covered by the flag leaf and inaccessible for longer than others. Oviposition rates varied from night to night, probably related to the weather. Females showed no preference for spikes at different growth stages, from the time spikes began to emerge until at least flowering. Spike size did not affect egg density, and spike height was a factor only for spikes deep within or protruding above the canopy. Sources of environmental variation such as effects of weather on oviposition rates in the field or spatial phenomena in cages were measurable but of secondary importance. In the field, comparisons among spikes which emerged on the same day could reduce variation in egg density. In the laboratory, variation in egg density could be reduced by using arrays of excised spikes arranged at the same height, leaving the central portion of the array empty. The primary cause of high variability in egg density among spikes was variation in egg-group size and the presence of multiple egg groups on a single spike, factors which cannot be experimentally controlled because they are the result of oviposition behaviour rather than environmental heterogeneity.

Diapause and emergence of Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and its parasitoid Macroglenes penetrans (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian L. Wise ◽  
Robert J. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Fine Quartz

AbstractThe requirements for successful diapause of field-collected larvae and emergence of the adult wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), and its egg parasitoid Macroglenes penetrans (Kirby) were investigated in the laboratory. Both species showed little decline in survival for up to 5 weeks at 20 °C in dry wheat spikes and could successfully diapause in wheat spikes at 0 °C for at least 200 d, although larvae usually drop to the soil to diapause. Both species diapaused successfully in clay loam and fine quartz sand, but survival was lower in vermiculite or coarse activated clay. Diapause was completed successfully at soil temperatures of −5 to 2.5 °C, and both species survived for at least 500 d at 2.5 °C with no increase in mortality. Larval survival declined after 120 d at −10 °C. Usually more than 95% of all surviving wheat midges emerged as adults after a single diapause period of 100 d or more, but up to 5% of wheat midges and 12%−57% of parasitoids did not emerge until they were exposed to a second cold period. Postdiapausal larvae pupated and adult wheat midges emerged at constant temperatures of 16, 20, 26, and 28 °C with no differences in mortality, although none emerged at 10 °C. The timing of wheat midge emergence was temperature dependent, requiring 306 degree-days above a threshold of 9 °C. Degree-day requirements and soil temperatures from a nearby weather station accurately predicted the average timing of emergence in the field, but not the year-to-year variation in date of 50% emergence. The wheat midge and its parasitoid are well adapted to the conditions they encounter in their range in western Canada. Methods for rearing both species through diapause and adult emergence are described.

scholarly journals Occurrence of the orange wheat blossom midge [Diptera :Cecidomyiidae] in Quebec and its incidence on wheat grain microflora

2005 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Mongrain ◽  
L. Couture ◽  
J.-P. Dubuc ◽  
A. Comeau
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Total Seed ◽  
Wheat Blossom Midge

Samples of wheat spikes (Triticum aestivum) were collected in the summer of 1995 from different crop districts in Quebec and the occurrence of orange wheat blossom midge (Sitodiplosis mosellana) and seed microflora were determined. Estimated yield loss caused by wheat midge larvae averaged 6.3%. The percentage of infested spikes was significantly correlated with total seed contamination by fungi and bacteria (r = 0.79). The specific occurrence of Fusarium graminearum in grains was also significantly correlated with number of larvae per spike (r = 0.67) or per spikelet (r = 0.67). Consequently, the wheat midge might play a role in dissemination of F. graminearum.

scholarly journals Notas sobre la biología y ecología de Anastrepha obliqua (diptera: tephritidae), plaga de plantas anacardiáceas en América tropical. II. formas adultas.

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis G. Chaverri ◽  
Julia Soto-Manitiu ◽  
Luis Fernando Jirón
Keyword(s):  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Mortality Factor ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Anastrepha Obliqua ◽  
Similar Survival ◽  
Gravid Females ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Hymenopteran Parasitoids

Aspects on the biology and ecology of Anastrepha obliqua, at both laboratory and field conditions, are given. Adult emergence occurred between 11 to 22 days, with an average of 17 days of pupation. In the field, atmospheric relative humidity seems to be the main factor affecting adult emergence, and is independent of soil humidity and/or existence of available host fruits. Both fungus and hymenopteran parasitoids determine that a percentage of pupae never hatch, but another population fraction hatches in small numbers through the following months. Water consumption is important for adult survival on A. obliqua, but water is also a mortality factor when it reared under laboratory conditions. This causes a good number of adult drawings in rearing cages. Spiders also represent an important mortality factor under mass rearing conditions. A. obliqua adults show a high degree of polyphagism and feed on different kinds of ripe fruits different from those which are infested by oviposition of the gravid females. This behavior explains why it is possible to capture A. obliqua in traps placed in plantations of fruits infested by Anastrepha species other than A. obliqua. Sexual maturity is reached after 17 days, and the maximum longevity recorded under laboratory conditions, varied from 40 to 53 days, with a similar survival rate in both sexes. Life expectancy was found to be 29 days for males and 31,5 for females. Marked adults released in the fields were recaptured after 58 days, suggesting a longer expectancy than in laboratory. Under captivity, much of the mating courtship seems to be ignored, and copulation takes place with no major problem, lasting about 45 minutes.

An interspersed refuge for Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and a biocontrol agent Macroglenes penetrans (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to manage crop resistance in wheat

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A.H. Smith ◽  
R.J. Lamb ◽  
I.L. Wise ◽  
O.O. Olfert
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Gene ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Mature Larva ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Crop Resistance ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
Evolution Of Virulence

AbstractAn interspersed refuge of susceptible plants in a resistant, spring-sown wheat crop was tested as a strategy to protect crop resistance against evolution of virulence by the wheat midge Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), and also to conserve a biocontrol agent Macroglenes penetrans(Kirby). Eight replicated field experiments were conducted using seed mixtures of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 100% or 0, 5 and 100% susceptible wheat with an agronomically similar wheat expressing the antibiotic resistance gene Sm1. The frequencies of eggs, mature larvae and parasitized larvae in susceptible and resistant wheat spikes, and midge-affected seeds in the harvest, were recorded for each plot. In susceptible wheat, insect densities and seed damage were typical of those in commercial wheat. In resistant wheat, few larvae completed development, 2% or less compared with about 80% in susceptible wheat, when larvae were sampled at maturity. This resistant wheat also deterred midge oviposition, reducing egg densities by 65% compared with susceptible wheat. The wheat midge and its parasitoid oviposited throughout the plots, and parasitism was density independent. The densities of mature midge larvae and parasitoids were in proportion to the size of the refuge. A 5% susceptible refuge produced about 41 mature larvae for each mature larva from the resistant wheat, and provided effective control of damage. An interspersed refuge of susceptible plants in resistant wheat is a promising strategy for sustaining resistance conferred by Sm1 and biocontrol of the wheat midge.

A SIMPLE TECHNIQUE FOR MASS-REARING THE ONION MAGGOT (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) ON AN ARTIFICIAL DIET

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (12) ◽  
pp. 1554-1558 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Allen ◽  
W. L. Askew
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Cellulose Powder ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Wheat Embryo ◽  
Onion Maggot ◽  
Hylemya Antiqua ◽  
Yeast Hydrolysate

AbstractA gelatine-based diet for rearing the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meigen), that contains sucrose, evaporated milk, yeast hydrolysate, wheat embryo, cellulose powder, n-propyl disulfide, water, and antibiotics is described. Three consecutive generations reared on this medium were equal in puparial weights, percentages of pupation, adult emergence, and egg hatch, to those reared on onion bulbs. The procedure is simple and two man-hours per week is sufficient for producing 1000 maggots daily.

scholarly journals First record of Euxestonotus error (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) in the Pacific Northwest, United States of America

2016 ◽  
Vol 148 (5) ◽  
pp. 616-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.R. Echegaray ◽  
R.N. Stougaard ◽  
B. Bohannon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
First Record ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Northwestern Montana

AbstractEuxestonotus error (Fitch) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) is considered part of the natural enemy complex of the wheat midge Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Although previously reported in the United States of America, there is no record for this species outside the state of New York since 1865. A survey conducted in the summer of 2015 revealed that E. error is present in northwestern Montana and is likely playing a role in the suppression of wheat midge populations.

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