Spatial distribution of head smut (Sporisorium reilianum) of corn in Mexico

El basidiomiceto <em>Sporisorium reilianum</em> f. sp. <em>zeae</em> infecta al cultivo de maíz y causa importantes pérdidas en regiones donde existen condiciones propicias para el desarrollo de la enfermedad. En este trabajo se evaluó la respuesta a la selección de seis ciclos de selección recurrente de maíces de endospermo blanco y cinco ciclos de maíces de endospermo amarillo para caracteres agronómicos deseables, rendimiento de grano y resistencia al carbón de la espiga. Los diferentes ciclos en las dos poblaciones se obtuvieron siguiendo el método de selección recurrente de familias S1, los cuales fueron evaluados para determinar el avance genético. En un ensayo anexo, las poblaciones fueron inoculadas artificialmente para medir el progreso de la resistencia a la enfermedad y evaluar un nuevo método de inoculación. Se utilizó un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones para el ensayo de rendimiento y dos repeticiones para el ensayo inoculado. Los ciclos evaluados en las dos poblaciones mostraron un incremento en la resistencia de 0.94 y 1.2% ciclo-1, una ganancia genética para rendimiento de grano de 272.9 y 620 kg ha-1 ciclo-1 para la población blanca y amarilla, respectivamente. Los resultados mostraron que la selección recurrente de familias S1 fue eficiente para mejorar el rendimiento de grano y resistencia al carbón de la espiga en ambas poblaciones.

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CP-Vero 1, white maize (Zea mays) synthetic variety resistant to head smut (Sporisorium reilianum f. sp. zeae) for Mexican highlands

Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología Mexican Journal of Phytopathology ◽

10.18781/r.mex.fit.1910-2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Carlos De León-García de Alba

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Head Smut ◽

Synthetic Variety ◽

Sporisorium Reilianum

En la producción de maíz, el agricultor se encuentra ante la alternativa de sembrar semilla comercial de maíz híbrido o semilla de polinización libre incluyendo variedades mejoradas o poblaciones nativas. La semilla de maíz híbrido tiene un alto costo, es necesario comprar semilla nueva para cada siembra mientras que la semilla de una variedad mejorada puede sembrarse por varios años, puede competir en rendimiento con un híbrido, es de bajo costo y puede compartirse entre agricultores. Una variedad sintética ofrece ventajas adicionales sobre una variedad mejorada común, con buen rendimiento de grano y uniformidad en floración y fenotipo. Este trabajo presenta actividades involucradas en la obtención de la variedad sintética de maíz de endospermo blanco CP-Vero 1 siguiendo un programa de selección recurrente de líneas S1 para obtener buenas características agronómicas y resistencia al carbón de la espiga.

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Development of an Infection Assay for Sporisorium reilianum, the Head Smut Pathogen on Sorghum

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.1998.82.11.1232 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 82 (11) ◽

pp. 1232-1236 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Jairo A. Osorio ◽

Richard A. Frederiksen

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Culture Media ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Soil Environment ◽

Head Smut ◽

Infection Efficiency ◽

Maize Hybrid ◽

Inoculation Technique ◽

Corpus Christi ◽

Sporisorium Reilianum

The practical value of dry teliospores of Sporisorium reilianum as inoculum in head smut infection assays was determined from a series of studies using three different isolates of the pathogen. Overall germinability of teliospores ranged from 8.0 to 28.0% on culture media after 48 h of incubation. Teliospores germinated at slower rates in the vicinity of sorghum seedlings growing on germination paper, reaching maximum values of 11.5 to 13.0% after 120 h. These results suggest adaptation in the germination strategy of S. reilianum, probably modulated by the variable soil environment. Fifteen percent (15%) of the seedlings of a head smut susceptible maize hybrid inoculated with teliospores of S. reilianum at root protrusion openings of the mesocotyl tissues became infected, while seedlings similarly inoculated with sporidial suspensions remained uninfected. Three sorghum lines susceptible to head smut were inoculated in three separate experiments with dry teliospores of isolates from Corpus Christi and Taylor, Texas. Seeds were imbibed for 18 h, and the seedlings were planted in soil at 40% moisture content (wt/wt) and covered with a 1:50 (vol/vol) mixture of teliospores and autoclaved soil. Infection levels obtained in these experiments were 2.5 to 2.8 times higher than field infection levels on susceptible lines RT×7078 and B1. In this study, average infection levels of 65 to 79.5% and 84 to 87% for RT×7078 and B1, respectively, were obtained with Corpus Christi isolates of S. reilianum; whereas Taylor isolates infected 91.9 and 82.3% of the plants in these two lines. It is postulated that the increased infection efficiency observed with this inoculation technique results from uniform and higher levels of inoculum, timely delivered under stable soil conditions that provide the pathogen with an environment more conducive for infection.

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Implication of Gibberellins in Head Smut (Sporisorium reilianum) of Sorghum bicolor

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY ◽

10.1104/pp.96.2.537 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 96 (2) ◽

pp. 537-544 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Anne-Marie Matheussen ◽

Page W. Morgan ◽

Richard A. Frederiksen

Keyword(s):

Sorghum Bicolor ◽

Head Smut ◽

Sporisorium Reilianum

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Identification of a New Race of Sporisorium reilianum and Characterization of the Reaction of Sorghum Lines to Four Races of the Head Smut Pathogen

Journal of Phytopathology ◽

10.1111/j.1439-0434.2010.01770.x ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 159 (5) ◽

pp. 342-346 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Fuyao Zhang ◽

Junai Ping ◽

Zhihong Du ◽

Qingjun Cheng ◽

Yinghua Huang

Keyword(s):

Head Smut ◽

Sporisorium Reilianum ◽

New Race

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Transcriptome Profiles of Sporisorium reilianum during the Early Infection of Resistant and Susceptible Maize Isogenic Lines

Journal of Fungi ◽

10.3390/jof7020150 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 150

Author(s):

Boqi Zhang ◽

Nan Zhang ◽

Qianqian Zhang ◽

Qianya Xu ◽

Tao Zhong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays L ◽

Axenic Culture ◽

Hyphal Growth ◽

Maize Seedling ◽

Disease Resistance Gene ◽

Near Isogenic Lines ◽

Head Smut ◽

Isogenic Lines ◽

Genes Encoding ◽

Sporisorium Reilianum

The biotrophic fungus Sporisorium reilianum causes destructive head smut disease in maize (Zea mays L.). To explore the pathogenicity arsenal of this fungus, we tracked its transcriptome changes during infection of the maize seedling mesocotyls of two near-isogenic lines, HZ4 and HZ4R, differing solely in the disease resistance gene ZmWAK. Parasitic growth of S. reilianum resulted in thousands of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) compared with growth in axenic culture. The protein synthesis and energy metabolism of S. reilianum were predominantly enriched with down-regulated DEGs, consistent with the arrested hyphal growth observed following colonization. Nutrition-related metabolic processes were enriched with both up- and down-regulated DEGs, which, together with activated transmembrane transport, reflected a potential transition in nutrition uptake of S. reilianum once it invaded maize. Notably, genes encoding secreted proteins of S. reilianum were mostly up-regulated during biotrophy. ZmWAK-mediated resistance to head smut disease reduced the number of DEGs of S. reilianum, particularly those related to the secretome. These observations deepen our understanding of the mechanisms underlying S. reilianum pathogenicity and ZmWAK-induced innate immunity.

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Cytological and Molecular Characterization of ZmWAK-Mediated Head-Smut Resistance in Maize

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi-11-16-0238-r ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (6) ◽

pp. 455-465 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Nan Zhang ◽

Boqi Zhang ◽

Weiliang Zuo ◽

Yuexian Xing ◽

Suvimon Konlasuk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Characterization ◽

Quantitative Resistance ◽

Parental Line ◽

Resistant Line ◽

Head Smut ◽

Maize Production ◽

Trade Off ◽

Pathogen Invasion ◽

Sporisorium Reilianum ◽

A Cell

Head smut, caused by the fungal pathogen Sporisorium reilianum, poses a threat to maize production worldwide. ZmWAK, a cell wall–associated receptor kinase, confers quantitative resistance to head smut disease. Here, two near-isogenic lines (NILs), susceptible line Huangzao4 and its ZmWAK-converted resistant line Huangzao4R, were used to decipher the role of ZmWAK in head smut resistance. Cytological and molecular characterization in response to S. reilianum infection was compared between two NILs. Upon S. reilianum infection, the growth of pathogen hyphae was severely arrested in the ZmWAK-converted resistant line Huangzao4R, relative to its susceptible parental line Huangzao4. Infected cells exhibited apoptosis-like features in Huangzao4R and hyphae were sequestered within dead cells, whereas pathogen invasion caused autophagy in Huangzao4, which failed to prevent hyphal spreading. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis indicated that ZmWAK functions as a hub in the trade-off between growth and defense, whereby ZmWAK promotes cell growth in the absence of the pathogen and switches to a defense response upon S. reilianum attack. These findings shed light on an elegant regulatory mechanism governed by ZmWAK in the trade-off between growth and head smut defense.

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